ATOMIC RESEARCH

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=28 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B>CHEMISTRY SCHOOL</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><B>     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMISTRY SCHOOL"><U>HOME PAGE - INDEX TO THE LESSONS</U></A> <B>  </B><B>                      </B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFF99" FACE="Arial" ><B>          </B></FONT><B>  </B>VIEW  WITH  •  View > Text Size > Smaller                  <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >               <B>                                          </B>                                      </FONT></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=203 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <A HREF="atomic_research1ce_m.htm#what_are_atoms__" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="ATOMIC RESEARCH"><U> 1   ATOMIC RESEARCH</U></A></div> <div> STUDYS OF ATOMIC CRYSTALS</div> <div> MADE BY RESEARCHISTS</div> <div> WITH SCANNING TUNNELING</div> <div> MICROSCOPES</div> <div> <A HREF="how_atoms_join1cc.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HOW ATOMS JOIN"><U> 2   HOW ATOMS JOIN ?</U></A></div> <div> WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS</div> <div> JUST RIGHT,  ATOMS CAN BE</div> <div> ATTRACTED TO THE NUCLEUS</div> <div> OF OTHER NEARBY ATOMS</div> <div> <A HREF="electron_orbitals.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ELECTRON ORBITALS"><U>3.  ELECTRON ORBITALS</U></A></div> <div> ELECTRONS REVOLVE </div> <div> AROUND THE NUCLEUS </div> <div> IN ATOMS,IN SPECIAL ORBITS</div> <bR> <div> IN THE TEXT WE USE</div> <div> THE <A HREF="simplified_atomic_names.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NEW SIMPLIFIED NAMES"><U>NEW NAMES</U></A></div> <div> OF THE ATOMIC ELEMENTS,</div> <div> SO THAT EVERYONE </div> <div> ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB,</div> <div> CAN UNDERSTAND</div> <div> THESE COURSES</div> </td> <td valign="top" height=452 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I><B>ATOMIC RESEARCH</B></I><I><B>                                                                                  </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="what_are_atoms__"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="541" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 1911 ><NOBR><div> IN THE 1970's ISRAELI PHYSICISTS, </div> <div> BEGAN TO BUILD, SUPER-MICROSCOPES,</div> <div> TO STUDY,  THE INSIDE OF PIECES OF, </div> <div> PURE BORON, SILICON, COPPER & TIN</div> <div> THESE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPES,</div> <div> IN EACH CASE, SHOWED, THAT THE PIECES,</div> <div> OF THOSE PURE MATERIALS,</div> <div> WERE MADE, OF SMALL ROUND FORMS,</div> <div> AND THAT EACH OF THOSE PURE MATERIALS,</div> <div> HAD A DIFFERENT SIZE, ROUND FORM IN IT,</div> <div> THEY ALSO OBSERVED, THAT THOUGH,</div> <div> EACH OF THE PIECES, OF PURE MATERIALS,</div> <div> WERE EXACTLY, THE SAME SIZE,</div> <div> EACH DIFFERENT PLATE, </div> <div> HAD A DIFFERENT WEIGHT,</div> <div> AND A DIFFERENT HARDNESS.</div> <div> THEN, SCIENTISTS FROM OTHER COUNTRYS, </div> <div> BUILT SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPES</div> <div> TO STUDY, THE OTHER, DIFFERENT TYPES,</div> <div> OF THE PURE MATERIALS, THAT ARE ALSO</div> <div> CALLED,  THE ATOMIC ELEMENTS,</div> <bR> <div> INCLUDING FROZEN ATOMS, OF THE GASES</div> <div> HYDRON, OCSION, CLORON & HELION </div> <div> AND THE PURE METALS & METALINES</div> <div> THAT ARE SOFT OR LIQUID, </div> <div> AT OUR BODY TEMPERATURE,  SUCH AS,</div> <div> CESION, GALION, RUBIDION & MERCURON.</div> <div> IN EACH CASE, THEY FOUND THAT,</div> <div> THOSE PURE MATERIALS, WERE MADE</div> <div> OF SMALL ROUND FORMS OF DIFFERENT SIZES </div> <div> AND DIFFERENT WEIGHTS & HARDNESS.</div> <div> LOOKING AT THESE MICROSCOPIC STUDYS,</div> <div> IT WAS VERY EVIDENT, TO THE SCIENTISTS,</div> <div> THAT THESE, SMALL ROUND FORMS,</div> <div> MUST BE THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS,</div> <div> THAT EACH OF THOSE PURE MATERIALS,</div> <div> ARE MADE OUT OF, THEREFORE,</div> <div> THEY MUST BE THE <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000BF" FACE="Arial" >ATOMS,</FONT></div> <div> THAT SIR ISAAC NEWTON SUGGESTED,</div> <div> WERE THE SMALLEST UNITS,</div> <div> OF EACH PURE, ELEMENTAL MATERIAL.</div> <div> WHAT SURPRISED, THE SCIENTISTS MOST,</div> <div> WERE THE DIFFERENT WAYS, </div> <div> THAT THE ATOMS, OF EACH,</div> <div> DIFFERENT TYPE OF PURE MATERIAL,</div> <div> GROUPED TOGETHER,</div> <div> IN REPETITIVE, UNITARY MOLECULES.</div> <div> BUT, BECAUSE BOTH COPPER & TIN </div> <div> HAD SIMILAR UNITARY MOLECULES </div> <div> EVERY ONE THOUGHT, THAT ALL METALS,</div> <div> HAD SIMILAR SHAPED, UNITARY MOLECULES,</div> <div> OR AS THEY ARE CALLED, BY SCIENTISTS,</div> <div> UNITARY <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000BF" FACE="Arial" >ATOMIC CRYSTALS.</FONT></div> <bR> <div> HOWEVER, </div> <div> WHEN SCIENTISTS, IN NEW ZEALAND,</div> <div> FINISHED THEIR MICROSCOPIC STUDY, </div> <div> OF PURE<A HREF="simplified_atomic_names.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NEW SIMPLIFIED NAMES"><U> </U></A><A HREF="simplified_atomic_names.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NEW SIMPLIFIED NAMES"><U>ZINCON</U></A> METAL ATOMS,</div> <div> THEY SAW THAT ZINCON, HAS AN UNUSUAL, </div> <div> HEXAGONAL, UNITARY ATOMIC CRYSTAL. </div> <bR> <div> THEN...THEY BEGAN TO BELIEVE,</div> <div> THAT THE ATOMS OF EACH METAL, </div> <div> MADE A VERY DIFFERENT,  ATOMIC CRYSTAL.</div> <div> ONE OF THE SCIENTISTS, THEN SAID, </div> <div> IT MUST BE, THAT EACH TYPE OF ATOM,</div> <div> HAS SOMETHING GOING ON.. INSIDE IT, </div> <div> THAT IS CAUSING THEM, TO JOIN TOGETHER, </div> <div> IN VARIOUS WAYS, AND MAKE, SO MANY, </div> <div> DIFFERENT SHAPED, ATOMIC CRYSTALS.</div> <div> LET US STUDY NOW, THE INSIDE, </div> <div> OF OTHER, STABLE TYPES OF ATOMS, </div> <div> SO THAT...WE CAN COMPREHEND,</div> <div> WHY THEY JOIN TOGETHER, AS THEY DO.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div>   <IMG SRC="11a6e8e00.gif" border=0 width="232" height="224" ALT="BORON CRYSTALS" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>           <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" >  ELECTRON MICROSCOPE IMAGE</FONT></div> <div>             OF THE SURFACE OF A PIECE OF</div> <div>            <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000BF" FACE="Arial" >PURE BORON</FONT></div> <div>         BORON IS BOTH AN ORGANIC ATOM </div> <div>    USED IN OUR BONES AND TREE LEAVES</div> <div>    & AN ATOMIC ELEMENT THAT IS ALLOYED</div> <div>    WITH THE SOFT METALS TO MAKE THEM </div> <div>    HARDER.  WHEN BORON IS USED IN</div> <div>    METAL ALLOYS IT IS CALLED A<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" > </FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000BF" FACE="Arial" >METALLOID</FONT></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><IMG SRC="11a7e5e30.gif" border=0 width="229" height="227" ALT="SILICON CRYSTALS" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <div>              POSITRON  MICROSCOPE IMAGE</div> <div>              OF THE SURFACE OF A PIECE OF </div> <div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" >                       </FONT>       PURE SILICON</div> <div>   SILICON IS BOTH A<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" > </FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000BF" FACE="Arial" >ORGANIC ATOM </FONT>USED</div> <div>   IN OUR BONES, TEETH, HEARTS & VEINS</div> <div>   AND A <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000BF" FACE="Arial" >METALLOID</FONT> ALLOYED WITH METALS</div> <div>   TO PRODUCE TRANSISTORS & DIODES</div> <div>     </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="11a9e9ea0.gif" border=0 width="233" height="234" ALT="COPPER CRYSTALS" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>    <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" >         ELECTRON  MICROSCOPE IMAGE</FONT></div> <div>                  OF THE SURFACE OF PURE</div> <div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" >               </FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >  </FONT>  COPPER  METAL ATOMS  </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="11abe2e40.gif" border=0 width="226" height="228" ALT="TIN CRYSTALS" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>           <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" >   POSITRON  MICROSCOPE IMAGE</FONT></div> <div>                       OF THE  SURFACE OF</div> <div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" >               </FONT> TIN -TININE METAL ATOMS</div> <bR> <div>           THE TININE ATOMS HAVE A SIMILAR</div> <div>           PATTERN TO THAT OF THE <A HREF="simplified_atomic_names.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NEW SIMPLIFIED NAMES"><U>COPPRE</U></A></div> <div>           ATOMS SHOWN ABOVE, BUT THE</div> <div>           ATOMS ARE 10% LARGER IN SIZE</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>     <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#CC0033" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="11ade3e30.gif" border=0 width="227" height="227" ALT="ZINC CRYSTALS" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></FONT></div> <div> ELECTRON  MICROSCOPE IMAGE</div> <div>                           OF THE SURFACE OF</div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> ZINC-ZINCON  METAL ATOMS</div> <bR> <div>       THIS ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY</div> <div>       OF ZINCON ATOMIC CRYSTALS,</div> <div>       SHOWS A HEXAGONAL GROUPING,</div> <div>       THAT IS NOT PLANIER, BUT INSTEAD,</div> <div>       HAS THREE ZINCON ATOMS ABOVE,</div> <div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" >      AND THREE ZINCON ATOMS BELOW</FONT>.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO LEARN,  WHAT THEY DISCOVERED,</div> <div> CLICK ON <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000BF" FACE="Arial" >PROTONS, NEUTRONS, ELECTRONS & THE NUCLEUS</FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <A HREF="atomic_research1ce_m.htm" TITLE="ATOMIC RESEARCH"><U>BACK TO TOP</U></A></div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>