CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" height=28 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B>CHEMISTRY SCHOOL</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B>  </B></FONT><B>      </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMISTRY SCHOOL"><U><B>HOME PAGE   INDEX TO THE LESSONS</B></U></A><B> </B><B>  </B></div> <div> <A HREF="fields_of_chemistry.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE FIELDS OF CHEMISTRY"><U>THE FIELDS OF CHEMISTRY</U></A>   |   <B>CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS</B> <A HREF="fields_of_chemistry.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE FIELDS OF CHEMISTRY"><U>THE FIELDS OF CHEMISTRY</U></A>   |   <B>CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS</B></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=452 BGCOLOR="#660000" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="743" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 55 ><NOBR><div> <B>SCIENTISTS,  USE SOME WORDS TO DESCRIBE SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS,</B></div> <div> <B>THAT WE GIVE A DIFFERENT MEANING TO...AS EXPLAINED BELOW</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="144"><div> <B> </B></div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM HEIGHT= 46 ><NOBR><div> <B>THE CONCEPTS USED BY CHEMISTS & PHYSICISTS  </B><B>( QUIMICOS Y FISICOS )</B></div> <div> <B>K                        K                        K                         K</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <B>EQUI-VALENT </B></div> <div> <B>MEANINGS</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="11" CELLSPACING="4" WIDTH="737" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 HEIGHT= 54 ><NOBR><div>   THEY SAY THE <B>MASS</B> OF THE OBJECT...WHEN THEY REALLY MEAN, THE <B>WEIGHT</B> OF THE OBJECT</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FF9933 WIDTH="117"><div> MASS</div> <div> =</div> <div>  WEIGHT  </div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="564"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="564" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="117"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="117" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 HEIGHT= 60 ><NOBR><div>   THEY USE THE WORDS,  <B>THE MATTER</B>...TO DESCRIBE..<B>THE MATERIAL</B>..OF A PHYSICAL OBJECT,</div> <div>   THAT HAS A WEIGHT....AND A FORM....THAT TAKES UP SPACE....IN THE WORLD,</div> <div>   INCLUDING THOSE MATERIALS..THAT ARE LIQUIDS and GASES.....NOT ONLY SOLID MATERIALS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FF9933><NOBR><div> THE MATTER</div> <div> =</div> <div>    THE MATERIAL   </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="564"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="564" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="117"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="117" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 HEIGHT= 60 ><NOBR><div>   THEY USE THE WORDS,  <B>THE ELEMENT</B>...TO MEAN THAT PURE MATERIAL </div> <div>        OR THAT MATTER,  THAT IS MADE OF ONE TYPE OF ATOM, </div> <div>             THAT IS ONE OF THE 112 PURE ATOMIC ELEMENTS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FF9933><NOBR><div> THE ELEMENTS</div> <div> =</div> <div> ATOMIC MATERIALS</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="564"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="564" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="117"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="117" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 HEIGHT= 63 ><NOBR><div>   THEY USE THE WORD A  <B>SUBSTANCE</B>...TO MEAN A <B>MATERIAL</B>...EVEN IF IT IS A LIQUID OR A GAS</div> <div>      INCLUDING ALL THE PURE ATOMIC MATERIALS & ALL MIXTURES OF THE ATOMIC ELEMENTS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FF9933 WIDTH="117"><div> SUBSTANCES</div> <div> =</div> <div> PRODUCTS</div> <div> OR MATERIALS</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="564"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="564" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="117"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="117" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 HEIGHT= 50 ><NOBR><div>   THEY USE THE WORD <B>STATE</B>...TO DESCRIBE THE <B>MANIFEST DENSITY</B> .....WHICH IS,</div> <div>   THE HARDNESS, SOFTNESS, LIQUIDITY OR EXPANSIVE GASIOUSNESS OF MATERIAL THINGS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FF9933><NOBR><div> THE STATE</div> <div> =</div> <div> MANIFEST  DENSITY</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="564"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="564" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="117"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="117" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 HEIGHT= 50 ><NOBR><div> THEY USE THE WORD, <B>SATURATED</B>, TO MEAN HAVING (N)CBN + (2N+2)HDR,  HYDRON ATOMS,</div> <div>                                                                                            ...IN AN ALKANE HYDRO-CARBON MOLECULE.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FF9933><NOBR><div> SATURATED</div> <div> =</div> <div> MORE HYDRON</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="564"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="564" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> ( HYDROGEN )</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 HEIGHT= 50 ><NOBR><div> THEY USE THE WORD, <B>UNSATURATED</B>,  TO MEAN HAVING LESS HYDRON ATOMS </div> <div> THAN AN ALKANE HYDRO-CARBON MOLECULE OF AN EQUAL NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FF9933 WIDTH="117"><div> UNSATURATED</div> <div> =</div> <div> LESS HYDRON</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B> •   IMPORTANT RELATED CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS   •</B></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="14" CELLSPACING="3" WIDTH="660" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 38 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#33FFCC WIDTH="96"><div> DENSITY</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> •  IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT,</div> <div>    ALL PHYSICAL MATERIALS HAVE A CERTAIN DENSITY   <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000BF" FACE="Arial" >            </FONT></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="475" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 38 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#33FFCC WIDTH="96"><div> SOLIDS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> •  MATERIALS ARE SOLIDS,</div> <div>    WHEN THEY HAVE THEIR ATOMS...VERY CLOSELY...PACKED TOGETHER </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><div> SEE THE LESSON:  <A HREF="what_are_atoms.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="WHAT ARE ATOMS ?"><U>WHAT ARE ATOMS ?.</U></A><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#660000" FACE="Arial" >....................</FONT></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 38 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#33FFCC WIDTH="96"><div> GASES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 WIDTH="475"><div> •  MATERIALS ARE GASES,</div> <div>    WHEN THEY HAVE THEIR ATOMS VERY FAR APART</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="475" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 60 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#33FFCC WIDTH="96"><div> PLASTICS</div> <div> and</div> <div> LIQUIDS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> •  MATERIALS ARE PLASTICS OR LIQUIDS</div> <div>           WHEN THEY ARE A MIXTURE OF ATOMS THAT ARE GASES</div> <div>                   OR....ATOMS THAT ARE GASES & ATOMS THAT ARE SOLIDS </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 57 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="57" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="57" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><bR> <div> <B> RELATED CHEMISTRY....DENSITY CONCEPTS </B></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#00FFFF WIDTH="96"><div> METALS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> •  METALS HAVE THEIR ATOMS VERY CLOSELY PACKED TOGETHER</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="475" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#00FFFF><NOBR><div> SEMI-METALS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> •  SEMI-METALS HAVE THEIR ATOMS LESS CLOSELY SPACED</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><div>  </div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#00FFFF WIDTH="96"><div> METALINES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> •  METALINES HAVE THEIR ATOMS STILL LESS CLOSELY PACKED TOGETHER</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div>  ( LITION...BERILION....SODION...MAGNION...POTASION...CALCION )</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 54 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="54" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC00><NOBR><div> NON-METALS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 WIDTH="475"><div> • NON-METALS,</div> <div>   HAVE THEIR ATOMS IN LAYERS OF ARENE RINGS,</div> <div>   OR IN LAYERS OF DENSE CRYSTALLINE FORMS.</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> (  CARBON....SULFURON....FOSFORON....SOLENION....TELORION  )</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 55 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="55" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC00 WIDTH="96"><div> GASES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> •  GASES OF ATOMS, THAT ARE GASES AT OUR TEMPERATURE OF LIFE,</div> <div>  <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#330066" FACE="Arial" >  HAVE SPACES BETWEEN THEM.</FONT></div> <div>    <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#330066" FACE="Arial" >3 </FONT>TIMES GREATER THAN THEIR OWN DIAMETERS.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><div> (  HYDRON...FLORON...CLORON.....NITRON...OCSION.  )</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 79 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="79" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC00 WIDTH="96"><div> GASES </div> <div> and</div> <div> LIQUIDS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><bR> <div> •  WHEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF GASES JOIN TOGETHER,</div> <div>    THEY CREATE EITHER....OTHER GASES....OR  LIQUIDS</div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> (  HYDRO-CLORIC ACID...HYDRO-FLORIC ACID...HYDRO NITRIC ACID ~ AMMONIA  )</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 81 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="81" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC00><NOBR><div> MIXED</div> <div> MOLECULAR</div> <div> GASES</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div>  •  MOLECULES OF TWO OR MORE GASES</div> <div>     HAVE A RING OF SPACE AROUND THEM.... IN ONE DIRECTION...</div> <div>     EQUAL TO THE DIAMETER OF THE SMALLEST OF THE ATOMS</div> <div>     and ALMOST TOUCH IN THE OTHER DIRECTION         <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990000" FACE="Arial" >      </FONT></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="475" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 77 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="77" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC00><NOBR><div> GASES</div> <div> and </div> <div> NON-METALS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> •  GASES OF ATOMS,</div> <div>    THAT ARE A MIXTURE OF GASIOUS and NON-METAL ATOMS</div> <div>    HAVE SPACES BETWEEN THEM,</div> <div>    AS WIDE AS THE MOLECULES THAT THEY FORM.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="475" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 52 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC00><NOBR><div> PLASTICS</div> <div> and</div> <div> LIVING TISSUE</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 WIDTH="475"><div> •  WHEN GASES, JOIN WITH NON-METAL ATOMS</div> <div>       THEY FORM PLASTICS...OR...LIVING TISSUE</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> (  VINYL CLORIDES ~  HYDRON,.CARBON and CLORON  )</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 60 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#99FF99 WIDTH="96"><div> SALTS</div> <div> and</div> <div> ORES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 WIDTH="475"><div> •  WHEN GASES JOIN WITH METALS,</div> <div>           THEY CREATE CRYSTALLINE SALTS </div> <div>                  OR THE ORES OF METALS</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="475" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 52 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="52" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#99FF99><NOBR><div> SAND, SALTS</div> <div> and </div> <div> ENZYMES</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 WIDTH="475"><div> WHEN GASES JOIN WITH SEMI-METALS </div> <div> THEY FORM SAND, SALTS OR HALOGENIC ENZYMES</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="475" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#660000 HEIGHT= 61 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="61" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR=#660000><NOBR><div> <B>WHEN WORKING WITH GASES, </B></div> <div> <B>                                                             LIQUIDS OR SOLIDS...</B></div> <div> <B>                                                                                                      ONE MUST ALWAYS BE AWARE,</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 83 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="83" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#99FF33 WIDTH="96"><div> GASES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> •  GASES TEND TO EXPAND IN ALL DIRECTIONS</div> <div>    AND....MUST ALWAYS BE CONTAINED.</div> <div>        IN ADDITION,  </div> <div>    <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#CC0033" FACE="Arial" >ALL CONCENTRATIONS OF GASES ARE EXTREMELY POISONOUS TO HUMANS </FONT></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="475" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 60 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCC33 WIDTH="96"><div> LIQUIDS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> •  LIQUIDS, TEND TO WANT TO FLOW HORIZONTALLY, IN ALL DIRECTIONS,</div> <div>    AND ALWAYS NEED CONTAINMENT ON THEIR SIDES </div> <div>    and....EVEN MORE, SO ON THEIR BOTTOM.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="475" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 87 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="87" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCCCC WIDTH="96"><div> HEATED LIQUIDS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> •  IF LIQUIDS ARE HEATED....THEIR ATOMS WILL EXPAND FROM 21 TO 1000 TIMES</div> <div> •  IF HEATED EXCESSIVELY, THE ATOMS IN LIQUIDS...CAN EXPAND SO MUCH </div> <div>       THAT <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#CC0033" FACE="Arial" >THE LIQUIDS, CAN BECOME, VERY EXPANSIVE GASES</FONT></div> <div>              THAT CAN CAUSE, CLOSED CONTAINERS,TO EXPLODE.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="475" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 60 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="60" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#33FFCC WIDTH="96"><div> SOLIDS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> •  SOLIDS REQUIRE...ENORMOUS AMOUNTS OF HEAT,</div> <div>    TO CAUSE...THEIR ELECTRON ORBITALS. TO EXPAND ENOUGH, </div> <div>    TO ALLOW THEM, TO BOND, TO OTHER METALS, SEMI-METALS OR GASES.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="96"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="96" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="475"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="475" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 83 ><NOBR><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="83" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="-7" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99 WIDTH="96"><div> CARBIDES</div> <div> METALS</div> <div> SALTS</div> <div> ORES</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC99><NOBR><div> THIS TYPE OF METAL CHEMISTRY IS CALLED METALLURGY </div> <div> IT IS VERY DANGERIOUS and THEREFORE, IT IS DONE BY LAW, IN FOUNDRYS,</div> <div> THAT HAVE SPECIAL, HIGH HEAT PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT, </div> <div> SUPERVISED BY LICENSED PERSONEL.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div>                                            <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFCC66" FACE="Arial" >      THESE ARE THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF IUPAC</FONT></div> <bR> <div>                                       <A HREF="chemistry_concepts_m.htm" TITLE="CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS"><U> BACK TO TOP</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>