NUCLEIC ACIDS and GENES

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=28 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B>CHEMISTRY SCHOOL</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><B>                </B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMISTRY SCHOOL"><U>HOME PAGE - INDEX TO THE LESSONS</U></A>              <B>      </B>PAGE 6   HUMAN GENOME REFERENCE <A NAME="nucleic_acids"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> <A HREF="our_nucleic_acids_.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS"><U>OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS</U></A>   |   <A HREF="guanine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="GUANINE"><U>GUANINE</U></A>   |   <A HREF="human_adenine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ADENINE"><U>ADENINE</U></A>   |   <A HREF="human_cytosine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CYTOSINE"><U>CYTOSINE</U></A>   |   <A HREF="different_thymines.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THYMINE"><U>THYMINE</U></A>   |   <A HREF="different_uracils.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="URACIL"><U>URACIL</U></A>   |   <A HREF="the_dna_threads.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE DNA THREADS"><U>THE DNA THREADS</U></A>   |   <B>NUCLEIC ACIDS and GENES</B>   |   <A HREF="dna_rna_comparison.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="DNA RNA"><U>DNA - RNA</U></A>   |   <A HREF="natural_shapes.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NATURAL SHAPES"><U>NATURAL SHAPES</U></A>   |   <A HREF="purines_and_pyrimidines.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="PURINES"><U>PURINES+</U></A>   |   <A HREF="genome_research.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="GENOME RESEARCH"><U>GENOME RESEARCH</U></A>   |   <A HREF="recombinant_dna.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="RECOMBINANT DNA"><U>RECOMBINANT DNA</U></A>   |   <A HREF="recombinant_dna_.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="RECOMBINANT DNA"><U>RECOMBINANT DNA</U></A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=206 BGCOLOR="#66CCCC" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <A HREF="our_nucleic_acids_.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS"><U>" OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS "</U></A></div> <div> TABLE OF CONTENTS</div> <div> <A HREF="guanine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="GUANINE"><U>PAGE 1          </U></A><A HREF="guanine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="GUANINE"><U><B>G U A N I N E</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="human_adenine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ADENINE"><U>PAGE 2         </U></A><A HREF="human_adenine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ADENINE"><U><B> A D E N I N E</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="human_cytosine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CYTOSINE"><U>PAGE 3         </U></A><A HREF="human_cytosine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CYTOSINE"><U><B>C Y T O S I N E</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="different_thymines.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THYMINE"><U>PAGE 4         </U></A> <A HREF="different_thymines.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THYMINE"><U><B>T H Y M I N E</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="different_uracils.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="URACIL"><U>PAGE 5         </U></A> <A HREF="different_uracils.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="URACIL"><U> </U></A> <A HREF="different_uracils.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="URACIL"><U><B>U R A C I L</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="chromatin_chromatids_chromosomes_t.htm#nucleic_acids" TARGET="TRLX_Top" TITLE="NUCLEIC ACIDS and GENES"><U>PAGE 6      NUCLEIC ACIDS</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="the_dna_threads.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE DNA THREADS"><U>PAGE 7   THE DNA THREADS</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="dna_rna_comparison.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="DNA RNA"><U>PAGE 8            DNA ~ RNA</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="natural_shapes.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NATURAL SHAPES"><U>PAGE 9    NATURAL SHAPES</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="purines_and_pyrimidines.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="PURINES"><U>PAGE 10         PURINES +</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="genome_research.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="GENOME RESEARCH"><U>PAGE 11       RESEARCH</U></A></div> <div> <IMG SRC="1c6f95580.gif" border=0 width="149" height="88" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>   A MICRO-PHOTO OF </div> <div>   OUR PLATE-LIKE  </div> <div>   NUCLEIC ACIDS</div> <bR> <bR> <div> PRESS F11 </div> <div> TO SEE ALL THE TEXT</div> </td> <td valign="top" height=452 BGCOLOR="#FFFFCC" TEXT="#080000"> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="547" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 86 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="159fbc510.gif" border=0 width="444" height="81" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 29 WIDTH="545"><div> <B>OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 414 ><NOBR><div> IN THE NUCLEUS OF OUR CELLS,</div> <div> THERE IS A SMALL DENSE MASS,</div> <div> CALLED THE<A HREF="#pronunciation" TITLE="NUCLEIC ACIDS and GENES"><U> NUCLEOLUS</U></A>, IT CONTAINS,</div> <div> THE PLATE-LIKE, ACIDIC MOLECULES, </div> <div> THAT ARE CALLED, OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS. </div> <div> THEY FLOAT, IN THE ACIDIC,GELATINOUS,</div> <div> RIBOSE SUGARS,THAT FILL,THE NUCLEUS.</div> <div> WHEN A STEM CELL, NEEDS TO DIVIDE, </div> <div> IN ORDER, TO PRODUCE, A NEW CELL,</div> <div> THE NUCLEIC ACIDS, BEGIN TO JOIN </div> <div> WITH THOSE SPECIAL RIBOSE SUGARS.</div> <div> WHEN EACH OF THEM, HAVE JOINED,</div> <div> WITH THE RIBOSE SUGARS,</div> <div> THEY ARE CALLED, NUCLEOSIDES. </div> <div> THE NUCLEOSIDES, THEN BOND,</div> <div> TO THE FOSFORIC ACID MOLECULES,</div> <div> IN THE ECTOPLASM OF THE NUCLEUS,</div> <div> TO MAKE SHORT FIBRYLS,CALLED,GENES</div> <div> THAT HAVE 20 TO 50 NUCLEIC ACIDS,</div> <div> JOINED BY RIBOSE FOSFATES..</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> WHEN NUCLEOSIDES, ARE JOINED BY,</div> <div> RIBOSE FOSFATES, INTO GENE FIBRYLS</div> <div> THEY ARE EACH CALLED, A NUCLEOTIDE.</div> <div> WHEN THEY ARE IN OUR NUCLEAR PLASMA</div> <div> THE PLATE-LIKE,NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES, </div> <div> SHOWN ABOVE,HAVE A HEXAGONAL GRID and,</div> <div> RIBOSE FOSFATES, BONDED BETWEEN THEM, </div> <div> THAT,HELP THEM, TO WORK,AS TRANSISTORS.</div> <div> THIS ALLOWS THEM, TO RECEIVE MESSAGES,</div> <div> FROM OUR BRAIN'S HYPO'THALAMUS GLAND,</div> <div> WHICH TELL, THOSE SMALL GENE FIBRYLS, </div> <div> TO JOIN WITH OTHER GENE FIBRYLS.</div> <div> THE GENE FIBRYL, NUCLEOTIDES,THEN, </div> <div> BEGIN TO JOIN, INTO LONGER STRANDS </div> <div> OF GENES THAT ARE CALLED, CHROMATIN.</div> <div> THEN,PAIRS OF CHROMATIN STRANDS,JOIN</div> <div> TO FORM,LONG COILED CHROMATIDS,THAT,</div> <div> THEN FORM CHROMATID-CHROMOSOMES,</div> <div> AND THE PAIRED STRANDS  OF CHROMATIDS</div> <div> THAT ARE,OUR X & Y PAIRED CHROMOSOMES.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="370" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 51 ><NOBR><div> NOTE......EACH OF THE FORMS OF JOINED, NUCLEIC ACIDS,</div> <div> HAS TWO NAMES, ONE IS ITS NAME,THE OTHER TELLS YOU,</div> <div> HOW IT WORKS, IN THE LARGER,HELICAL, DNA STRUCTURE.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div>  <A NAME="pronunciation"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="7" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="520" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#AAAAAA" BORDERCOLORDARK="#AAAAAA" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 34 WIDTH="249"><div> PRONUNCIATION </div> <div> (  PROH NUN SEE AE SHUN  )</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="237"><div> HOW TO SAY THE WORDS</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 343 ><NOBR><div> NUCLEUS ( NEW CLAY US ) </div> <div> NUCLEOLUS ( NEW KLAY O LUS ) </div> <div> NUCLEIC ( NEW CLAY IK  )</div> <div> ACID ( AH SID )</div> <div> RIBOSE ( RYE BOS )        </div> <div> NUCLEOSIDES ( NEW KLAY O SAI DS )</div> <div> MOLECULE ( MOH LEH QU EL )</div> <div> JOINED ( JOY ND )</div> <div> FIBRYLS ( FAI BRIL S )   ( <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#444444" FACE="Arial" >SMALL FIBERS )</FONT></div> <div> NUCLEOTIDE ( NEW KLAY O TAI D )</div> <div> TRANSISTORS ( TRAN SIS TORS )</div> <div> RECEIVE ( REE SEE V )</div> <div> HYPOTHALAMUS ( HAI POH TAHL A MUS )</div> <div> CHROMATIN ( KROW MAH TIN )</div> <div> CHROMOSOMES ( KROW MOH SEW MS )</div> <div> HELICAL ( HEE LIH KL )</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div>  CELLS ( SELL S )</div> <div> FLOAT ( FLOW'T ) </div> <div>   ACIDIC ( AH SID IK )</div> <div> GELATINOUS  ( JEL AH TIN US )</div> <div> SUGARS ( SH G ARS )  </div> <div>   FOSFORIC ( FOS FOR IK )</div> <div> EACH ( EE CH )</div> <div> ECTOPLASM ( EK TOE PLAH SM )</div> <div>      GENE ( GJEE NS )</div> <div> PLASMA ( PLAH SMAH )</div> <div> ALLOWS ( AH L AU  S )</div> <div> MESSAGES ( MEH SEH GJE S )</div> <div> JOINED ( GJOY ND )</div> <div> CHROMATID ( KROW MAH TID )</div> <div> PAIRED ( PEAR D )</div> <div> STRUCTURES ( STRUK TEE URS )   </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div>      <A HREF="chromatin_chromatids_chromosomes_m.htm" TITLE="NUCLEIC ACIDS and GENES"><U> BACK TO TOP OF PAGE </U></A></div> <div>             </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> NUCLEOSIDES ARE NUCLEIC ACIDS,THAT HAVE..RIBOSE SUGARS ON THEIR SIDES</div> <div> NUCLEOTIDES ARE NUCLEO SIDES THAT ARE <U>TIED</U> TOGETHER, </div> <div> WITH THREE STRANDS OF FOSFATES.</div> <div> AS SHOWN ON THE NEXT PAGE </div> <bR> <bR> <div>   </div> </td> </tr></table></body>