GENOME RESEARCH

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=28 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B>CHEMISTRY SCHOOL</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B>                     </B></FONT><B>   </B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMISTRY SCHOOL"><U>HOME PAGE - INDEX TO THE LESSONS</U></A> <B>                      </B>PAGE 11  <A NAME="research"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A> RNA - DNA RESEARCH</div> <bR> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=217 BGCOLOR="#66CCCC" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <A HREF="our_nucleic_acids_.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS"><U>" OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS "</U></A></div> <div> TABLE OF CONTENTS</div> <div> <A HREF="guanine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="GUANINE"><U>PAGE 1           </U></A><A HREF="guanine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="GUANINE"><U><B>G U A N I N E</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="human_adenine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ADENINE"><U>PAGE 2           </U></A><A HREF="human_adenine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ADENINE"><U><B>A D E N I N E</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="human_cytosine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CYTOSINE"><U>PAGE 3         </U></A><A HREF="human_cytosine.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CYTOSINE"><U><B>C Y T O S I N E</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="different_thymines.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THYMINE"><U>PAGE 4          </U></A><A HREF="different_thymines.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THYMINE"><U><B>T H Y M I N E</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="different_uracils.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="URACIL"><U>PAGE 5            </U></A><A HREF="different_uracils.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="URACIL"><U><B>U R A C I L</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="chromatin_chromatids_chromosomes_nucleic_acids.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NUCLEIC ACIDS and GENES"><U>PAGE 6      NUCLEIC ACIDS</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="the_dna_threads.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE DNA THREADS"><U>PAGE 7   THE DNA THREADS</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="dna_rna_comparison.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="DNA RNA"><U>PAGE 8            DNA ~ RNA</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="natural_shapes.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NATURAL SHAPES"><U>PAGE 9    NATURAL SHAPES</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="purines_and_pyrimidines.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="PURINES"><U>PAGE 10         PURINES +</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="genome_research_t.htm#research" TARGET="TRLX_Top" TITLE="GENOME RESEARCH"><U>PAGE 11       RESEARCH</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="recombinant_dna.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="RECOMBINANT DNA"><U>PAGE 12  RECOMBINANT DNA</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="genome_research_m.htm#princesses_dna_study" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="GENOME RESEARCH"><U>SEE QUEEN ELIZABETHS</U></A></div> <div>   DNA STUDYS AT AGE 21  </div> <bR> <div>  <IMG SRC="1c6f95580.gif" border=0 width="149" height="88" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> PLATEFORM NUCLEIC ACIDS,</div> <div> BY PRINCESS ELIZABETH,</div> <div> WATKINS & WILKINS,U.K.1954</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=452 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="536" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP ROWSPAN=2 COLSPAN=3 HEIGHT= 125 ><NOBR><div> <B>RNA DNA</B></div> <div> <B>RESEARCH</B></div> <div> <B>THIS NEW RESEARCH, IS BASED UPON THESE, </B></div> <div> <B>FIVE COMPUTER, COLOR ENHANCED STUDYS, </B></div> <div> <B>OF EACH OF OUR HUMAN NUCLEIC ACIDS</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Humnst777 BT" ><B>.</B></FONT></div> <div> <B>THEY ARE CALLED L.E.E.D. CRYSTAL STUDYS,</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Humnst777 BT" ><B>  </B></FONT></div> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>    FOR: </B></FONT><B><U>L</U></B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>OW  </B></FONT><B><U>E</U></B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>NERGY</B></FONT><B> </B><B><U>E</U></B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>LECTRON</B></FONT><B> </B><B><U>D</U></B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>IFFRACTION,</B></FONT></div> <div> <B>               PLASTIC INFUSION,CRYSTAL STUDYS</B></div> <div> <B>               THEY WERE MADE BETWEEN 1952 & 1972</B></div> <div> <B>                IN ENGLAND & GERMANY BY IUPAC.</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="11f67c780.gif" border=0 width="124" height="120" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="11f477760.gif" border=0 width="119" height="118" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM HEIGHT= 110 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="11ee68650.gif" border=0 width="104" height="101" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="11f067660.gif" border=0 width="103" height="102" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="11f268670.gif" border=0 width="104" height="103" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH="142"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="110" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="142" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=4 HEIGHT= 1495 ><NOBR><bR> <div> HERE IS A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF RNA & DNA<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > <A NAME="history_of_discoverys"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></FONT></div> <div> AND THE FIVE NUCLEIC ACIDS, THAT CREATE OUR GENES.</div> <div> 1890</div> <div> THE DISCOVERY OF FOUR NUCLEIC ACIDS AND THE RIBOSE FOSFATE LINKS,</div> <div> IN THE RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS, OF OUR RIBOSOMES, BY THE KOSSEL GROUP</div> <div> 1935</div> <div> THE DISCOVERY OF THE RNA-PROTEIN LINK, BY THE BRAGGS FAMILY</div> <div> 1938</div> <div> THE DISCOVERY OF THE ACTIVITYS OF RNA & DNA, BY THE LEVINE FAMILY</div> <div> 1950</div> <div> THE DISCOVERY THAT EACH OF THE DISC-LIKE NUCLEIC ACIDS, WEIGHED, </div> <div> SIX TIMES THEIR RATIO FORMULA ,MOLECULAR WEIGHT, BY THE CHARGAFF'S</div> <div> 1952 </div> <div> THE DISCOVERY OF THE HELICAL DNA STRUCTURE, IN OUR DNA, </div> <div> WITH X-RAY DIFFRACTION EQUIPMENT, BY DRS.FRANKLIN & WILKINS.</div> <div> 1952</div> <div> THE DISCOVERY OF THE PAIRED, THIN PLATE FORM, NUCLEIC ACID'S, </div> <div> PATTERN OF DISTRIBUTION & THE POSTULATION OF THE CONCEPTS</div> <div> ABOUT THE ASSEMBLY, OF ALL OUR PROTEINS, IN OUR RIBOSOMES, </div> <div> BY DR.FRANKLIN AND THE GRIFFITH FAMILYS IN THE U.K. & IRELAND</div> <div> 1952</div> <div> THE DISCOVERY BY DONAHUE OF THE ACID & ALKALI RESISTANT,</div> <div> OUTER,3-6 ALDEHYDE RINGS WITH PAIRS OF OXYGEN-OCSION ATOMS, </div> <div> IN GUANINE,CYTOSINE,THYMINE AND URACIL </div> <div>                                                         1953                                             </div> <div> THE DISCOVERY OF OUR TWO PARALLEL, CO-AXIAL, </div> <div> TWISTING THREADS, OF DNA, WITH THEIR RIBOSE-FOSFATES, </div> <div> ON THE OUTSIDE, OF THE THIN PLATE FORM, NUCLEIC ACID RUNGS, </div> <div> OF THE TWO THREADS, OF OUR SPIRALING, TWISTING DNA, </div> <div> BY DRS.CHARGAFF, FRANKLIN AND WILKINS.</div> <div> 1954</div> <div> THE DISCOVERY OF THE INTER-RELATIONSHIP, </div> <div> BETWEEN, THE MIXTURE, OF THE NUCLEIC ACIDS, </div> <div> AT THE CENTER OF EACH TWISTING THREAD OF RNA </div> <div> AND THE TYPE OF PROTEIN THAT SURROUNDS,</div> <div> THAT SECTION OF THE RNA, IN OUR CELL NUCLEI </div> <div> AND OUR RIBOSOMES, BY FRANKLIN, DONAHUE & GRIFFITH</div> <div> 1954</div> <div> THE POSTULATION, OF ALL THE ABOVE CONCEPTS, BY  WATSON & CRICK,</div> <div> OF PROTEIN FORMULATION, VIA GROUPS, OF PAIRED NUCLEIC ACIDS,</div> <div> AND THE AFFIRMATION, OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE DNA, </div> <div> IN DOUBLE TWISTED PARALLEL HELICAL THREADS, </div> <div> TIED TOGETHER, BY PAIRS OF RIBOSE-FOSFATES,</div> <div> 1955</div> <div> THE DISCOVERY OF THE EXACT SIZES,OF EACH OF THE NUCLEIC ACIDS,</div> <div> AS BETWEEN 28-32 ANGSTROM AND THE THICKNESS OF THE COMBINED,</div> <div> DNA THREADS, AS ABOUT 64 ANGSTROM, BY DONAHUE & GRIFFITHS</div> <div> 1998</div> <div> THE DISCOVERY OF THE NATURAL SHAPES OF HUMAN NUCLEIC ACIDS,</div> <div> AS DIFFERENT FROM, THE SHAPES OF THOSE BASES, IN ALL OTHER</div> <div> FORMS OF LIFE AND THE CREATION, OF EXACT STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS,</div> <div> & STRUCTURAL MODELS OF ALL THE HUMAN NUCLEIC ACIDS, BY DR.MANLY,</div> <div> _____________________________________________________________________ <A NAME="princesses_dna_study"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="519" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 404 ><NOBR><div> AN X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY,</div> <div> BY FRANKLIN & CHARGAFF.</div> <div> THE SPECIAL DIFFRACTION</div> <div> EQUIPMENT WAS BUILT BY</div> <div> DR.MAURICE WILKINS FOR</div> <div> WHICH HE SHARED THE</div> <div> NOBLE PRIZE WITH</div> <div> WATSON & CRICK .</div> <bR> <div> THE DIFFERENT SHAPES OF </div> <div> THE 4 HUMAN PLATE-FORM </div> <div> NUCLEIC ACIDS IN DNA,</div> <div> ARE VERY CLEARLY EVIDENT, </div> <bR> <div> MANY STUDYS WERE MADE BY,</div> <div> BOTH FRANKLIN &  WILKINS OF</div> <div> HUMAN  DNA FROM 1950-1958</div> <div> ALL OF THEM SHOWED EXACTLY</div> <div> THE SAME SHAPES IN OUR DNA</div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="#history_of_discoverys" TITLE="GENOME RESEARCH"><U> BACK TO TOP OF RESEARCH HISTORY</U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="276" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#555555" BORDERCOLORDARK="#555555" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 332 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="12df0a470.gif" border=0 width="266" height="327" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div>  <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#444444" FACE="Arial" > NOTICE THE SHAPE OF EACH NUCLEIC ACID</FONT></div> <div>   IN THIS DNA STUDY OF THE PRINCESS' DNA </div> <div>   MADE BY CHARGAFF, WHEN SHE WAS AGE 21 .</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>