HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" height=31 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>CHEMISTRY SCHOOL</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#66CCFF" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#66CCCC" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMISTRY SCHOOL"><U>HOME PAGE - INDEX TO THE LESSONS</U></A>  </FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#66CCFF" FACE="Arial" > </FONT>                      <B> </B>HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW            <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFCC99" FACE="Arial" >USE F11 </FONT></div> <bR> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=425 BGCOLOR="#EEEEEE" TEXT="#080000"> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="771" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 10372 ><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="4" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="761" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#006699" BORDERCOLORDARK="#006699" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 2928 ><NOBR><bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="739" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 708 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="15aaea670.gif" border=0 width="490" height="103" ALT="INTERPHASE MUSCLE CELL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> WHEN OUR BODY,  WANTS TO GROW, NEW MUSCLE CELLS,</div> <div> VERY SMALL, SEED CELLS, LEAVE THEIR SEED CELL PODS,</div> <div> IN THE MOTOR NERVE TO MUSCLE END PLATES, OF EACH  MUSCLE CELL,</div> <div> AND FLOW, IN THE LYMPHIC FLUIDS, AROUND THE MIDDLE OF THE MUSCLE CELLS. </div> <bR> <div> THE SEED CELLS, THEN ABSORB GLUCOSE, FROM THE MUSCLE CELLS</div> <div> AND GROW, INTO SMALL, MUSCLE GROWTH CELLS, </div> <div> CALLED<A HREF="#muscle_growth_stem_cells_seeds" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>,</U></A><A HREF="#muscle_growth_stem_cells_seeds" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U> </U></A><A HREF="#muscle_growth_stem_cells_seeds" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>MUSCLE GROWTH- STEM CELLS</U></A><A HREF="#muscle_growth_stem_cells_seeds" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>.</U></A></div> <bR> <div> IN EACH MUSCLE GROWTH, STEM CELL, THERE IS A CENTRAL NUCLEUS, </div> <div> WITH A SMALL DENSE MASS OF FIBRES, AT EACH END,</div> <bR> <div> EACH MASS OF FIBRES, IS CALLED A NUCLEOLUS, BOTH OF THEM,</div> <div> CONTAIN, THE NUCLEOLI FIBRYLS, THAT ARE OUR <A HREF="#genes_1" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>GENES</U></A><A HREF="#genes_1" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>.</U></A></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >                                                                </FONT>     <A HREF="#1__when_it_is_time__1" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U> </U></A><A HREF="#1__when_it_is_time__1" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>PAGE DOWN</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 211 ><NOBR><div>  <A NAME="1__when_it_is_time__1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <bR> <div>     <IMG SRC="15a920670.gif" border=0 width="544" height="103" ALT="PROPHASE MUSCLE CELL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>  </div> <div>           THE GENE FIBRYLS, IN THE NUCLEOLI, BEGIN TO JOIN, WITH THE RIBOSE SUGARS,</div> <div>           IN THE NUCLEAR ENDOPLASM, TO MAKE LONG STRANDS OF NUCLEOSIDES,</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 487 ><NOBR><div>     <IMG SRC="15b330680.gif" border=0 width="560" height="104" ALT="PRO DNA PHASE MUSCLE CELL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>        THIS CAUSES, THE NUCLEOLI, TO EXPAND, INTO THE LAYER OF FOSFATES,</div> <div>        THAT SURROUND THEM, IN THE NUCLEAR ECTOPLASM.  WHEREUPON,</div> <div>        THE STRANDS OF NUCLEOSIDES, BEGIN TO BOND, WITH THE FOSFATES,</div> <div>        TO MAKE THE LONG STRANDS OF NUCLEO-TIDES, THAT THEN, FORM INTO,, </div> <div>        THE SINGLE STRANDS OF DNA, THAT ARE CALLED, CHROMATIN.</div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>                 <A HREF="#2_this_causes_the_nucleoli__1" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>   </U></A><A HREF="#2_this_causes_the_nucleoli__1" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>PAGE DOWN</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 256 ><NOBR><bR> <bR> <div>  <A NAME="2_this_causes_the_nucleoli__1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div>   <IMG SRC="15af86670.gif" border=0 width="646" height="103" ALT="PRO META PHASE MUSCLE CELL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>     THE STRANDS OF DNA-CHROMATIN, BEGIN TO COIL UP, ONE INSIDE THE OTHER,</div> <div>         TO MAKE COILS OF CHROMATIDS, THAT THEN REPRODUCE THEMSELVES, TO MAKE</div> <div>       THE 46 PAIRS OF COILED CHROMATIDS THAT ARE OUR CHROMOSOMES.</div> <div>      2 CHROMATINS = 1 CHROMATID           2 CHROMATIDS = 1 CHROMOSOME</div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 283 ><NOBR><bR> <div>   <IMG SRC="15b1d1700.gif" border=0 width="721" height="112" ALT="ANA PHASE MUSCLE CELL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>       AS THE NUCLEUS OF THE MUSCLE STEM CELL, DIVIDES IN TWO.</div> <div>        THE 46 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES, EACH DIVIDE IN HALF, INTO,</div> <div>                   TWO SEPARATE CHROMATIDS,THAT THEN MOVE, </div> <div>                              TO THE OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE NUCLEUS.</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>                                                           <A HREF="#the_muscle_stem_cell_then_divides_1" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>PAGE DOWN</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 943 ><NOBR><bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div>  <A NAME="the_muscle_stem_cell_then_divides_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="15b2db480.gif" border=0 width="731" height="72" ALT="TWO CHILD MUSCLE CELLS" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>         THE MUSCLE STEM CELL, THEN DIVIDES ITSELF, INTO TWO DIFFERENT CELLS,</div> <div>         A SMALL MUSCLE STEM CELL AND A SMALL MUSCLE CELL,</div> <div>         THAT THEN, WILL GROW INTO A LARGER FUNCTIONAL MUSCLE CELL. </div> <div>         EACH CELL HAS A NUCLEUS & 46 SINGLE CHROMATIDS, </div> <div>         THAT ARE MADE OF PAIRED COILED DNA STRANDS</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="698" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 109 ><NOBR><div>       SOON AFTER,THE SMALL MUSCLE CELL,</div> <div>       BEGINS TO GROW, INTO A FUNCTIONAL, </div> <div>       LONG MUSCLE CELL, WITH MYOFIBRILS, </div> <div>       SARCOPLASM AND MUSCLE END PLATES, </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> IT MUST CREATE, THOUSANDS OF STRANDS OF PROTEIN,</div> <div> WITH THE MANY AMINES AND STEROID HORMONES, THAT GIVE,</div> <div> OUR MUSCLE CELLS, THE ABILITY, TO CONTRACT & EXPAND.</div> <div> IN ORDER, TO DO THIS, IT WILL NEED THE HELP OF<A HREF="#_how_rna___helps_to_make____our_muscle" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U> </U></A><A HREF="#_how_rna___helps_to_make____our_muscle" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>RNA.</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div>                            <A HREF="#_how_rna___helps_to_make____our_muscle" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>PAGE DOWN</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#CC0000 HEIGHT= 58 WIDTH="749"><div>  <A NAME="_how_rna___helps_to_make____our_muscle"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> <I><B> HOW RNA...HELPS TO MAKE....OUR MUSCLE CELLS GROW</B></I></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 730 ><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="773" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 714 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="15a8695a0.gif" border=0 width="361" height="346" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <I>NUCLEIC ACIDS AND RIBOSE FOSFATES ENCIRCLE</I></div> <div> <I>THE GENE SECTIONS DURING THE </I><A HREF="#rna_transcription_definition_1" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U><I>RNA TRANSCRIPTION</I></U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="362" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 196 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="13f177780.gif" border=0 width="119" height="120" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <I>RNA COILS AROUND</I></div> <div> <I>ONE GENE SECTION</I></div> <div> <I>OF A CHROMOSOME.</I></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#993366" FACE="Arial" >AS SOON AS THE PARENT CELL</FONT> <A NAME="rna_transcription_text_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> DIVIDES, INTO TWO CELLS,</div> <div> <I>THE RNA PROMOTOR ENZYME,</I></div> <div> AT THE TIP OF EACH CHROMOSOME,</div> <div> BEGINS THE WORK OF MAKING RNA,</div> <div> THE <U>R</U>IBO<U>N</U>UCLEIC <U>A</U>CID STRANDS,</div> <div> THAT CARRY THE GENETIC MEMORY </div> <div> OF THE FORMULATION OF PROTEINS</div> <div> THAT  WE NEED,TO OUR RIBOSOMES.</div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 495 ><NOBR><div> EACH GENE,IS THE GENETIC CODE FOR ONLY ONE PROTEIN.</div> <div> THE CODE IS MADE OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ADJACENT</div> <div> NUCLEIC ACIDS, IN THE COILED DNA OF THE CHROMOSOME,</div> <div> A TYPICAL GENE SECTION IS ONLY, 1-2 COILS OF DNA LONG.</div> <div> AFTER THE NUCLEIC ACIDS, ALIGN THEMSELVES, </div> <div> WITH THE SPECIFIC NUCLEIC ACIDS, IN A GENE SECTION, </div> <div> OF A CHROMOSOME, THEN, ADJACENT RIBOSE FOSFATES,</div> <div> BIND THEM TOGETHER, INTO A COILED STRAND OF RNA AND,</div> <div> THEY UNWIND, FROM THE CHROMOSOME, AS SHOWN LEFT.</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="#4_how_rna_is_created_1" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>PAGE DOWN</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> .</div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#33CCFF HEIGHT= 57 WIDTH="749"><div>  <A NAME="4_how_rna_is_created_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> <I><B>HOW  RNA IS CREATED.......IN OUR CELL NUCLEUS</B></I></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 661 ><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="747" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 649 ><NOBR><div>  IN THE DRAWING RIGHT, WE SEE HOW,</div> <div>  RNA FORMS AROUND THE COILS OF DNA</div> <div>  AND HOW URACIL,SUBSITUTES FOR THYMINE,</div> <div>  THE DNA COMPLEMENT OF ADENINE.</div> <div>  DR.FRANKLIN,WATSON & CRICK'S TEACHER,</div> <div>  WHILE WORKING WITH NUCLEOSIDES</div> <div>  FROM DR.SANGER,DISCOVERED IN 1958,THAT,</div> <div>  CYTOSINE & GUANINE HAVE SIMILAR ACID PH's</div> <div>  AND THAT ADENINE,THYMINE & URACIL,</div> <div>  HAVE, SIMILAR, BUT, MORE ALKALINE PH's</div> <div>  SHE & DR.SANGER ALSO DISCOVERED,THAT,</div> <div>  THYMINE,BECAUSE IT HAS PAIRED METHYLS</div> <div>  AROUND ITS PERIMETER, HAS TOO STRONG,</div> <div>  AN ELECTRONIC FORCE, AROUND ITS</div> <div>  PERIMETER,TO ALLOW IT TO BOND INTO,</div> <div>  THE COIL OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID.</div> <div>  WHICH IS WHY,</div> <div>  URACIL,COMPLEMENTS ADENINE</div> <div>  IN COILED STRANDS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="14f5c35c0.gif" border=0 width="451" height="348" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="#how_our_body_makes_the_nucleic" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>PAGE DOWN</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#3399CC HEIGHT= 56 ><NOBR><div> <I><B> <A NAME="how_our_body_makes_the_nucleic"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I></div> <div> <I><B>HOW OUR BODY MAKES THE NUCLEIC ACID..URACIL...FOR OUR RNA</B></I></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 834 ><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="742" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 814 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="176e99a20.gif" border=0 width="409" height="418" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="329" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 162 ><NOBR><div>    <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#993333" FACE="Arial" >THE URACIL,USED IN OUR RNA</FONT></div> <div>    IS MADE IN THE RENAL CORTEX</div> <div>    OF OUR KIDNEYS, BUT ONLY,</div> <div>    WHEN OUR KIDNEYS </div> <div>    HAVE SUFFICIENT WATER,</div> <div>    TO DISSOLVE,THE URIC ACID,</div> <div>    & CONVERT,THE UREA THERE,</div> <div>    INTO URACIL FOR OUR RNA.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="176c7d840.gif" border=0 width="125" height="132" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div>   <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#993333" FACE="Arial" > IF WE HAVE USED, ALL THE WATER MOLECULES,</FONT></div> <div>    IN OUR BLOOD,TO DISSOLVE,</div> <div>    OUR KIDNEY, URIC ACID CRYSTALS, OUR LIPS, </div> <div>    WILL FEEL DRY AND OUR EYES TIRED.</div> <div>    WE THEN, MUST DRINK, PURE WATER,</div> <div>    OR SPECIAL URIC ACID DISSOLVING BEVERAGES,</div> <div>    SUCH AS, LEMON SODAS OR PINA-COLADAS,</div> <div>    WHICH CONTAIN, THE PLATE FORM OF URACIL, </div> <div>    THAT YOUR LIVER, CAN SEND TO YOUR KIDNEYS,</div> <div>    WHERE IT IS STORED, IN YOUR RENAL CORTEX,</div> <div>    OR COMBINED WITH SIMPLE FOSFATES,</div> <div>    IN YOUR DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES,</div> <div>    AND THEN, SENT TO YOUR NEW MUSCLE CELLS,</div> <div>    TO MAKE NEW STRANDS OF RNA.</div> <div>    WHICH HELP YOU,TO RUN BETTER,</div> <div>    WHEN YOU ARE TIRED OR COLD.      <A HREF="#making_protein_for_our_muscle" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>PAGE DOWN</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#6699CC HEIGHT= 57 ><NOBR><div>  <A NAME="making_protein_for_our_muscle"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> <I><B>MAKING PROTEIN FOR OUR MUSCLE CELLS..........FROM RNA TO MESSENGER RNA</B></I></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 715 ><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="735" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 119 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="140c5f720.gif" border=0 width="351" height="114" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> THE THIN, DISC LIKE, PLATEFORM, NUCLEIC ACIDS,</div> <div> OF OUR RNA, EACH LOCATE THEMSELVES, NEXT TO,</div> <div> A COMPLIMENTARY NUCLEIC ACID,OF THE COILED DNA.</div> <div> THREE STRANDS OF RIBOSE FOSFATES,THEN JOIN,</div> <div> THE NUCLEIC ACIDS INTO ONE LONG STRAND OF DNA.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 584 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="140ec8170.gif" border=0 width="712" height="279" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>                                                                                                                                                     <A HREF="#8_from_ribonucleic_acid_rna__1" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U> PAGE DOWN</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div>         </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#6699CC HEIGHT= 57 WIDTH="749"><div>  <A NAME="8_from_ribonucleic_acid_rna__1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> <I><B>FROM RIBONUCLEIC ACID RNA.....TO MESSENGER RNA</B></I></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 4095 ><NOBR><bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="748" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 687 ><NOBR><div> <I><B><IMG SRC="1d99233c0.gif" border=0 width="547" height="316" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></I></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> IN EACH CELL NUCLEUS,</div> <div> THERE IS A THICK LAYER OF,</div> <div> THE SUGAR ERYTHRULOSE,</div> <div> IN THE NUCLEAR ECTOPLASM,</div> <div> WHEN THE STRANDS OF RNA, </div> <div> PASS THRU,THAT LAYER,</div> <div> ITS RIBOSE FOSFATES,</div> <div> SPLIT INTO,THE MEMBRANE</div> <div> REINFORCEING, OMEGA SIX</div> <div> LIPIDS, VALENE & VALERENE.</div> <div> THAT THEN, COMBINE WITH, </div> <div> HALF THE FOSFATES TO MAKE,</div> <div> MANY NEW FOSFO-LIPIDS, </div> <div> THAT HELP, THE CELL'S </div> <div> OUTER MEMBRANE,TO EXPAND </div> <div> AS THE CELL GROWS.</div> <div> AND THE REMAINING FOSFATES,</div> <div> BIND TO THE NUCLEIC ACIDS </div> <div> OF THE RNA TO MAKE M-RNA.</div> <bR> <div>                   <A HREF="#9_in_this_illustration_2" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>PAGE DOWN</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="750" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 785 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="1cdb7b560.gif" border=0 width="379" height="342" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div>  <A NAME="9_in_this_illustration_2"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> IN THIS ILLUSTRATION,</div> <div> WE SEE THE MESSENGER RNA,</div> <div> LEAVING THE NUCLEUS OF THE CELL,</div> <div> AND ENTERING INTO THE ENDOPLASM OF THE CELL,</div> <div> AMIDST A MIXTURE OF FLOATING NUCLEIC ACIDS.</div> <div> WE SEE ALSO, HOW THE SUGAR ERYTHRULOSE,</div> <div> REDUCED THE LONG STRANDS OF RIBOSE FOSFATES</div> <div> THAT ONCE SEPARATED THE NUCLEIC ACIDS,IN RNA,</div> <div> INTO SMALLER MORE COMPACT FOSFATES,</div> <div> WITH ONLY TWO OCSION IONS & ONE FOSFORON ION.</div> <div> THE OCSION ATOMS, BOND TO THE NUCLEIC ACIDS,</div> <div> AND THE FOSFORON ATOMS,BOND BETWEEN THEM,</div> <div> THEREBY CREATING,</div> <div> A MULTI-LAYERED M-RNA, POLYMER MOLECULE,</div> <div> MADE OF ALTERNATING, NUCLEIC ACIDS & FOSFATES.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="#10_the_messenger_rna__2" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>PAGE DOWN</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 394 ><NOBR><bR> <div> <IMG SRC="1cdd77480.gif" border=0 width="375" height="328" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div>  <A NAME="10_the_messenger_rna__2"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> THE MESSENGER-RNA ,</div> <div> THEN TRAVELS TOWARD,</div> <div> THE RING OF BEAD-LIKE RIBOSOMES,</div> <div> THAT ENCIRCLE THE NUCLEUS OF THE CELL.</div> <bR> <div> TO THE ENTRANCE PORTAL,IN ONE OF THE RIBOSOMES, </div> <div> WHERE IT WILL HELP FORM THE STRANDS OF PROTEIN,</div> <div> THAT ARE NEEDED BY THE CELL,TO GROW,</div> <div> FIRST, ITS OUTER CELL MEMBRANE,</div> <div> THEN TO EXPAND, ITS CELL NUCLEUS,</div> <div> AND THEN TO GROW THE LIPID MAKING, ISLES OF GOLGI,</div> <div> THAT HELP TO MAKE THE LONG LIPID MOLECULES,</div> <div> WHICH EACH, MUSCLE CELL USES,</div> <div> TO ATTACH ITSELF TO THE NEXT MUSCLE CELL,</div> <div> SO THAT OUR MUSCLES, CAN ASSIST US,</div> <div> TO WALK, SWIM AND RUN,</div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> ON THE NEXT PAGE WE STUDY.<A HREF="how_we_make_protein.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HOW OUR CELLS MAKE PROTEIN "><U>..HOW RIBOSOMES...MAKE PROTEIN..USING MESSENGER RNA</U></A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="growing_muscles_m.htm" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>BACK TO TOP</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <I> <A NAME="rna_transcription_definition_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></I></div> <bR> <div> RNA TRANSCRIPTION</div> <div> THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION OF AN RNA MOLECULE</div> <div> FROM A GENE SECTION OF DNA, IN A CHROMOSOME,</div> <div> THAT USES THE COILED STRAND OF DNA, AS A TEMPLATE,</div> <div> FOR THE CREATION OF A SECTION OF CODED RNA, THAT WILL HELP,</div> <div> THE CELL'S RIBOSOMES, TO CREATE, NEW STRANDS OF PROTEIN</div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>      <A HREF="#rna_transcription_text_1" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>BACK TO YOUR BOOKMARK IN THE INTRODUCTORY TEXT</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div>  <A NAME="muscle_growth_stem_cells_seeds"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div>  MUSCLE GROWTH STEM CELLS</div> <bR> <div>    THOSE CELLS IN OUR ORGANS, THAT REPRODUCE NEW CELLS, </div> <div>    AND THAT ARE NEAR TO THE ORGANS, MAIN PORTAL ARTERY, </div> <div>    ARE CALLED THE ORGAN'S STEM CELLS.  </div> <div>    MUSCLES HAVE THEIR STEM CELLS, THAT GROW NEW CELLS, </div> <div>    NEAR TO THE NERVE CENTERS AND BLOOD & LYMPH SUPPLIES,</div> <div>    THAT FEED EACH MUSCLE CELL WITH ENERGY & NUTRIENTS.</div> <div>    MUSCLE CELL, STEM CELLS, IN THEIR DORMANT STATE,</div> <div>    ARE MUCH SMALLER THAN, GROWING MUSCLE STEM CELLS,</div> <div>    AND THEREFORE,THEY ARE ALSO CALLED, <I><B>GROWTH SEED CELLS.</B></I></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <A HREF="growing_muscles_m.htm" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>BACK TO YOUR BOOKMARK IN THE INTRODUCTORY TEXT</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div>  <A NAME="genes_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> GENES</div> <bR> <div> A SECTION OF LONG NUCLEOLUS FIBRYLS, CHROMATIN, OR CHROMOSOMES,</div> <div> THAT HAS THE GENETIC CODE, FOR THE CREATION OF ONE STRAND OF PROTEIN,</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="growing_muscles_m.htm" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>BACK TO YOUR BOOKMARK IN THE INTRODUCTORY TEXT</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=24 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <A HREF="cells.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="LOOKING INSIDE OUR CELLS"><U>LOOKING iNSIDE OUR CELLS</U></A><A HREF="cells.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="LOOKING INSIDE OUR CELLS"><U> </U></A>   |    <A HREF="what_is_protein.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="WHAT IS PROTEIN ?"><U>WHAT IS PROTEIN ?</U></A>   |    <A HREF="growing_muscles.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW"><U>HOW MUSCLE CELLS GROW</U></A>   |    <A HREF="how_we_make_protein.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HOW OUR CELLS MAKE PROTEIN "><U>HOW OUR CELLS MAKE PROTEIN</U></A><A HREF="how_we_make_protein.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HOW OUR CELLS MAKE PROTEIN "><U> </U></A></div> </td> </tr></table></body>