HOW ATOMS JOIN

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=28 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B>CHEMISTRY SCHOOL</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><B>  </B><B> </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMISTRY SCHOOL"><U>HOME PAGE - INDEX TO THE LESSONS</U></A> <B>  </B><B>           </B>VIEW  WITH  •  View > Text Size > Smaller <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >                            <B>                                          </B>                                      </FONT></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=204 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <A HREF="atomic_research1ce_what_are_atoms__.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ATOMIC RESEARCH"><U> 1   ATOMIC RESEARCH</U></A></div> <div> STUDYS OF ATOMIC CRYSTALS</div> <div> MADE BY RESEARCHISTS</div> <div> WITH SCANNING TUNNELING</div> <div> MICROSCOPES</div> <div> <A HREF="how_atoms_join1cc.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HOW ATOMS JOIN"><U> 2   HOW ATOMS JOIN ?</U></A></div> <div> WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS</div> <div> JUST RIGHT,  ATOMS CAN BE</div> <div> ATTRACTED TO THE NUCLEUS</div> <div> OF OTHER NEARBY ATOMS</div> <div> <A HREF="electron_orbitals.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ELECTRON ORBITALS"><U>3.  ELECTRON ORBITALS</U></A></div> <div> ELECTRONS REVOLVE </div> <div> AROUND THE NUCLEUS </div> <div> IN ATOMS,IN SPECIAL ORBITS  </div> <bR> <div> IN THE TEXT</div> <div> WE USE THE <A HREF="simplified_atomic_names.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NEW SIMPLIFIED NAMES"><U>NEW NAMES</U></A></div> <div> OF THE ATOMIC ELEMENTS,</div> <div> SO THAT EVERYONE </div> <div> ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB,</div> <div> CAN UNDERSTAND</div> <div> THESE COURSES</div> </td> <td valign="top" height=452 BGCOLOR="#00FFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I><B> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="554" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="317"><div> <I><B>HOW ATOMS JOIN</B></I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#00FFFF" FACE="Arial" ><I><B>.</B></I></FONT></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="226"><div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#00FFFF" FACE="Arial" ><I><B>....</B></I></FONT><I><B> <A NAME="how_atoms_join_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I><I><B>      </B></I></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 148 ><NOBR><div> ON A CLEAR DAY,   </div> <div> HYDRON ATOMS, USUALLY FLOAT ALONE,</div> <div> IN THE WIND CURRENTS, OF OUTER SPACE.</div> <div> BUT,  THERE IS A <A HREF="where_water_is_made1cd.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="WHERE WATER IS MADE"><U>SPECIAL PLACE</U></A></div> <div> IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE,</div> <div> WHERE HYDRON ATOMS, JOIN TOGETHER.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <I><IMG SRC="1bdbb4790.gif" border=0 width="180" height="121" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <div> HYDRON ATOMS FLOATING IN SPACE</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 196 ><NOBR><div> THERE, WHERE THE STRATOSPHERE,</div> <div> TOUCHES THE TROPOSPHERE,</div> <div> CHANGES IN THE ULTRA VIOLET RADIATION,</div> <div> CAUSE THE ELECTRON ORBITALS, </div> <div> OF THE HYDRON ATOMS,</div> <div> TO EXPAND, JUST FAR ENOUGH AWAY, </div> <div> FROM THEIR OWN NUCLEUS,</div> <div> THAT THEIR LONE ELECTRON, CAN ALSO, </div> <div> BE ATTRACTED TO, THE POSITIVE NUCLEUS,</div> <div> OF ANOTHER, NEARBY HYDRON ATOM.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <I><IMG SRC="1bdabf710.gif" border=0 width="191" height="113" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <div>    ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION CAUSES</div> <div> THE ELECTRON ORBITALS TO EXPAND</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></B></I></div> <div> <I><B>    </B></I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#00FFFF" FACE="Arial" ><I><B>.................</B></I></FONT></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="555" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#00FFFF > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 159 ><NOBR><div> WHEN THIS HAPPENS,</div> <div> THE TWO HYDRON ATOMS,</div> <div> THEN, HOVER, NEXT TO EACH OTHER,</div> <div> WITH AN ELECTRON, OF EACH OF THE ATOMS,</div> <div> ON EACH SIDE, OF THE POINT OF CONTACT, </div> <div> OF THE TWO ATOMS,.HOLDING THEM TOGETHER,</div> <div> BECAUSE EACH ELECTRON, HAS BECOME</div> <div> ATTRACTED TO, THE OTHER ATOM'S NUCLEUS.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <I><IMG SRC="1198bb6e0.gif" border=0 width="187" height="110" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></div> <div> THE TWO HYDRON ATOMS</div> <div> BECOME BONDED TOGETHER</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="556" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 483 ><NOBR><div> BECAUSE,THE OUTER ELECTRON, IN ALL ATOMS</div> <div> IS CALLED, THE ATOM'S, VALENCE ELECTRON,</div> <div> THIS TYPE OF BOND IS CALLED,</div> <div> A CO-VALENT ELECTRON BOND</div> <div> AND SINCE, THE ELECTRONS, ARE EQUALLY </div> <div> ATTRACTED, TO THE NUCLEI, OF BOTH ATOMS,</div> <div> THE TWO ATOMS, ARE SAID TO, <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div>           <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >           SHARE THE TWO ELECTRONS</FONT></div> <div> IF TWO OR MORE ATOMS, ARE JOINED TOGETHER,</div> <div>       WITH CO-VALENT BONDS THE ENTIRE GROUP</div> <div>                     IS CALLED<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" > A MOLECULE.</FONT></div> <bR> <div> SMALL MOLECULES SUCH AS A HYDRON MOLECULE</div> <div> ARE CALLED.....<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#993366" FACE="Arial" ><I>MICRO - MOLECULES</I></FONT> </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> THE GASIOUS ATOM, OXYGEN<A HREF="simplified_atomic_names.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NEW SIMPLIFIED NAMES"><U>-</U></A><A HREF="simplified_atomic_names.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NEW SIMPLIFIED NAMES"><U>OCSION</U></A> </div> <div> THAT IS ILLUSTRATED ON THE RIGHT, </div> <div> HAS<I> </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >TWO DIAGONAL, </FONT>OUTER ELECTRON ORBITALS--></div> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="119a88500.gif" border=0 width="136" height="80" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> WHEN TWO HYDRON ATOMS BOND</div> <div> TO EACH OTHER THEY ARE CALLED</div> <div> A HYDRON MOLECULE</div> <div> <B> </B>A MOLECULE OF HYDRON</div> <div> A MOLECULE OF HYDROGEN</div> <div> UNA MOLECULA DE HIDROGENO</div> <bR> <div>     VERY LARGE MOLECULES </div> <div>     WITH MORE THAN 100 ATOMS,</div> <div>     ARE CALLED,<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#993366" FACE="Arial" ><I> MACRO-MOLECULES</I></FONT></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="1bd583800.gif" border=0 width="131" height="128" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> AN OCSION ATOM</div> <div> WITH  ITS DIAGONAL ORBITALS</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 560 ><NOBR><div> ABOUT 4 KILOMETERS BELOW, </div> <div> WHERE THE BLUE VIOLET RADIATION,</div> <div> CAUSES MOST, OF THE LONE HYDRON ATOMS,</div> <div> TO JOIN TOGETHER,TO MAKE HYDRON MOLECULES</div> <div> THE ULTRA VIOLET RADIATION, BECOMES</div> <div> SO STRONG, THAT IT INCREASES, </div> <div> THE TWO, DIAGONAL OUTER ORBITALS, </div> <div> OF THE OCSION ATOMS, IN THE AIR, BY 18% -22%</div> <div> AND, AS SOON AS, THE NEGATIVE ELECTRONS, </div> <div> IN THE TWO, OUTER DIAGONAL ORBITALS OF,</div> <div> THE GASIOUS ATOMS, OF OCSION, ARE FORCED,</div> <div>  INTO THESE, MORE DISTANT ORBITALS,</div> <div> THEY BECOME ATTRACTED,</div> <div> TO THE POSITIVE NUCLEI, OF NEARBY,  </div> <div> HYDRON ATOMS...& IN A FEW SECONDS,</div> <div> BOTH THE HYDRON ATOMS, </div> <div> MAKE CO-VALENT BONDS,</div> <div> WITH THE OCSION GAS ATOM, AS SHOWN RIGHT---></div> <bR> <div> WHEN HYDRON ATOMS AND OCSION ATOMS,</div> <div> BOND IN THIS WAY,  THEY FORM..</div> <div>                                              <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >A MOLECULE OF WATER</FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <div>        <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >THE ATOMS IN LIQUID MOLECULES </FONT></div> <div>        ALL HAVE THESE CO-VALENT BONDS</div> <bR> <div>        HOWEVER,</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> 7.5 KM ABOVE THE EARTH</div> <div> IN A ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION BELT</div> <div> <IMG SRC="1bd7de840.gif" border=0 width="222" height="132" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> </div> <div> OCSION'S ELECTRONS </div> <div> MOVE INTO A MORE DISTANT ORBITAL</div> <div> AND ARE ATTRACTED TO</div> <div>  THE NUCLEI OF NEARBY </div> <div> HYDRON ATOMS</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <I><B><IMG SRC="1bd9ba830.gif" border=0 width="186" height="131" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></I></div> <div> IN A  WATER  MOLECULE </div> <div> BOTH THE HYDRON ATOMS</div> <div> ARE CO-VALENTLY BONDED</div> <div> TO THE OCSION ATOM </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="6" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="551" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#996600 > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCC66 HEIGHT= 251 ><NOBR><div> <I>    CO-VALENT BONDS ALSO EXIST....IN MATERIALS, MADE OF SIMILAR TYPES OF ATOMS,</I></div> <div> <I>SUCH AS BETWEEN, THE ATOMS IN IRON, ALUMON & COPPRE PRODUCTS,</I></div> <div> <I>OR IN COMBINATIONS, OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF METALS, </I></div> <div> <I>AS IN THE METAL ALLOYS, BRASS, BRONZE, STEEL & STAINLESS STEEL</I></div> <div> <I>HOWEVER, THESE </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>METAL ATOM...TO METAL ATOM....CO-VALENT BONDS,</I></FONT></div> <div> <I>HAPPEN, ONLY WHEN,  THE METALLIC ATOMS, ARE </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>" SUPER HEATED " </I></FONT></div> <div> <I>TO WELL ABOVE, THEIR BOILING TEMPERATURE,</I></div> <div> <I>FOR THIS REASON, THIS TYPE OF METAL ATOM TO METAL ATOM...CO-VALENT BOND,</I></div> <div> <I>IS CALLED A ...HARD CO-VALENT BOND OR A HIGH TEMPERATURE CO-VALENT BOND</I></div> <div> <I>                            AND,  THEY ARE NORMALLY MADE, AS SHOWN BELOW</I></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="6" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="563" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC HEIGHT= 178 ><NOBR><div> METALS & MIXTURES OF METALS</div> <div> SUCH AS IRON, STEEL & BRONZE,</div> <div> HAVE TO BE HEATED, IN CAULDRONS, TO MORE,</div> <div> THAN THEIR BOILING TEMPERATURE & THEN </div> <div> FORCED, INTO A PERMANENT, DURABLE FORM,</div> <div> IN ORDER, FOR THEM, TO STAY TOGETHER,</div> <div> HERE YOU SEE, A <B>H</B> BEAM, MADE OF ATOMS, </div> <div> OF IRON & COBALTON, BEING ROLLED, </div> <div> BETWEEN, GIANT CAST IRON WHEELS AT 1500°C </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC><NOBR><div> <I><B><IMG SRC="11a2df900.gif" border=0 width="223" height="144" ALT="ROLLING A STEEL BEAM INTO AN H SHAPE" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></I></div> <div>   FORGING A WHITE HOT STEEL BEAM<I> </I></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC HEIGHT= 208 ><NOBR><div> THESE HARD, METAL TO METAL..HIGH TEMPERATURE...CO-VALENT...ELECTRON BONDS </div> <div> ARE MADE, IN SPECIAL PLACES, CALLED, METAL FOUNDRYS..</div> <div> WITH LARGE, VERY HEAT RESISTANT, CAST IRON EQUIPMENT, </div> <div> BY MEN, WHO ARE CALLED,  METALLURGISTS.</div> <div> IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN, THE CREATION OF DIFFERENT METALS,</div> <div> YOU STUDY, THE SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES, OF EACH TYPE OF METAL</div> <div> AT A SCHOOL, THAT TEACHES....ATOMIC PHYSICS, </div> <div> AND THEN, YOU SPECIALIZE, IN THE TYPE OF METAL WORK,</div> <div> YOU ARE INTERESTED IN, AT A COLLEGE, OF METALLURGY.</div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR=#996600 HEIGHT= 129 ><NOBR><bR> <div> <I>THERE IS ANOTHER TYPE OF BOND,</I></div> <div> <I>   THAT EXISTS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS,</I></div> <div> <I>             THAT TYPE OF BOND IS CALLED...." AN IONIC BOND "</I></div> <div> <I>THEY ARE NORMALLY FOUND, IN ORES ...AND...THE SALTS OF METALS</I></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC HEIGHT= 430 ><NOBR><div> <I>THESE</I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I> </I></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>IONIC BONDS,</I></FONT><I> ARE INTERATOMIC BONDS,</I></div> <div> <I>THAT FORM AS A RESULT OF THE  ATTRACTION OF, </I></div> <div> <I>THE </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>POSITIVE</I></FONT><I> NUCLEUS...OF A </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>NON-METAL ATOM</I></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#AAAAAA" FACE="Arial" ><I>,</I></FONT></div> <div> <I>SUCH AS</I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#66CC00" FACE="Arial" ><I>  </I></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#006633" FACE="Arial" ><I>CLORON, OCSION OR SILICON </I></FONT></div> <div> <I>UPON AN</I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I> ELECTRON,  </I></FONT><I>IN AN OUTER ORBITAL,</I></div> <div> <I>      OF AN </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I>ATOM OF A METAL, </I></FONT></div> <div> <I>     OR AN </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I>ATOM OF A METALLOID,</I></FONT></div> <div> <I>THAT HAS BEEN EXPANDED, BY </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I><B>INTENSE HEAT</B></I></FONT></div> <div> <I>SO MUCH...THAT THE </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>POSITIVE ATTRACTION,</I></FONT></div> <div> <I>                          OF THE </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>NON-METALS NUCLEUS,</I></FONT></div> <div> <I>IS STRONGER, </I></div> <div> <I>    .....THAN THAT....OF THE METALS' OWN NUCLEUS</I></div> <div> <I>THE ATOM, THAT </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>ATTRACTS AND ADDS,</I></FONT></div> <div> <I>ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS, </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I>GETS LARGER</I></FONT></div> <bR> <div> <I>THE ATOM THAT </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I>GIVES AWAY, </I></FONT><I>ELECTRONS</I></div> <div> <I>                                  </I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I>GETS,  MUCH SMALLER.</I></FONT></div> <bR> <div> <I>NOTICE,  THAT THE LOANED  ELECTRON,</I></div> <div> <I>IS DEEP INSIDE...THE BORROWING ATOM</I></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC><NOBR><div> <B>CHROMIUM DI-CHLORIDE</B></div> <div> <B>HOW CROMION BI-CLORIDE</B></div> <div> <B>IS MADE</B></div> <div> <I><B> CLORON  </B></I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I><B>CROMION </B></I></FONT><I><B> CLORON</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>   ATOM      ATOM       ATOM</B></I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><I><B>S</B></I></FONT></div> <div> <I><B><IMG SRC="11b1a5fd0.gif" border=0 width="165" height="253" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></I></div> <div> <I><B>A MOLECULE OF </B></I></div> <div> <I><B>CROMION BI-CLORIDES</B></I></div> <div> <I><B>CLR +</B></I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I><B> CRM </B></I></FONT><I><B>+ CLR</B></I></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="6" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="557" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFF99 HEIGHT= 670 ><NOBR><div>  BECAUSE OF THE LARGE CHANGES, </div> <div> IN THE VOLUME, OF ATOMS & CHEMICALS,</div> <div> WHEN THEY RE-BOND, OR RELEASE THEIR BONDS, </div> <div>                       WHENEVER,.THEY HAVE<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" > IONIC BONDS,</FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#993366" FACE="Arial" >     </FONT></div> <div> IT IS IMPORTANT, TO KNOW,</div> <div> BEFORE,  THE SIZE AND VOLUME CHANGES, HAPPEN,</div> <div> EXACTLY HOW MUCH MORE, VOLUME, </div> <div> THE NEW CHEMICALS, ARE GOING TO NEED.</div> <div>   IN ORDER, TO PREVENT, THE CHEMICALS, FROM EXPLODING,</div> <div>   OR BOILING OVER AND DESTROYING EQUIPMENT AND LIVES</div> <bR> <div> THIS TYPE OF INFORMATION, </div> <div> IS SHOWN ON <A HREF="http://www.chem-data.com/sizes_and_safety.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.chem-data.com/sizes_and_safet"><U>THE REFERENCE TABLES OF CHEM-DATA.COM</U></A></div> <div> THAT SHOW THE CO-VALENT & IONIC DIAMETERS OF THE ATOMS </div> <div> OF ALL ATOMIC ELEMENTS, IN THEIR DIFFERENT BOND STATES,</div> <div> AND, IN ADDITION, </div> <div> GIVE THE EXACT AMOUNT...THAT THE VOLUME OF THE ATOMS CHANGE,</div> <div> FOR EACH TYPE OF ATOMIC ELEMENT, SO THAT YOUR POTS AND VALVES,</div> <div> ARE LARGE ENOUGH, TO ACCEPT...THE INCREASED VOLUME OF THE HEATED ATOMS.</div> <div> MANY THINK, THAT A TIGHTER TOP...TO A POT, </div> <div> OR A STAINLESS STEEL PRESSURE COOKER WILL PREVENT EXPLOSIONS.</div> <div> THAT IS THE FARTHEST....FROM THE TRUTH.</div> <div> BECAUSE,  IT IS WHEN HEATED CHEMICALS..ARE CONTAINED..THEY EXPLODE !</div> <bR> <div> LARGE OPEN POTS,AND PROPERLY SIZED GAS REMOVAL FUME HOODS,</div> <div> PREVENT DISASTROUS, BURNS AND BEING BLINDED FROM ACID GAS EXHAUSTS. </div> <div> YOU WILL NEED TO KNOW...HOW TO SIZE THESE, IN ORDER,  TO WORK SAFELY.</div> <div> AGAIN, <A HREF="http://www.chem-data.com/sizes_and_safety.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.chem-data.com/sizes_and_safet"><U>THE SIZING AND SAFETY REFERENCE TABLE</U></A>  </div> <div> IS AVAILABLE AT <A HREF="http://www.chem-data.com/sizes_and_safety.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.chem-data.com/sizes_and_safet"><U>CHEM-DATA.COM </U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <A HREF="how_atoms_join1cc_m.htm" TITLE="HOW ATOMS JOIN"><U>BACK TO TOP</U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>