HYDRO-CARBON COMBUSTION

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" height=32 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>CHEMISTRY SCHOOL</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" > </FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" >  </FONT>  <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMISTRY SCHOOL"><U>HOME PAGE - INDEX TO THE LESSONS</U></A>           <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" >                      HYDRO-CARBON COMBUSTION</FONT></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=420 BGCOLOR="#6699CC" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <B> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="695" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 367 ><NOBR><div> <B> </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFF99" FACE="Arial" ><B>CARBOCSENE IS ALSO PRODUCED,  BY THE COMBUSTION  OF HYDRO-CARBONS</B></FONT></div> <div> <B>      THIS ILLUSTRATION, OF THE PRODUCTS, OF THE COMBUSTION OF,</B></div> <div> <B>      2 PROPANE GAS MOLECULE, SHOWS US, HOW THE OCSION ATOMS,</B></div> <div> <B>      COMBINE WITH, THE COMPONENTS, OF THE PROPANE MOLECULES.</B></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><IMG SRC="10d9f0de0.gif" border=0 width="496" height="222" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <div> <B>NOW, LET US LOOK, AT THE TABLE OF CHEMICAL CHANGE </B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></B></div> <div> <B> </B></div> <div> <B> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="772" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#CCFFFF" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=8 HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="688"><div> <B>THE TABLE OF CHEMICAL CHANGE  •  PROPANE TO TETROCSENE</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="132"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="132" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=3 WIDTH="246"><div> REACTANTS</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="19" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="11" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=3 WIDTH="293"><div> PRODUCTS</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="132"><div> EQUATION TYPE</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="138"><div> CHEMICAL R-1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="11" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> CHEMICAL R-2</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="11" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="134"><div> CHEMICAL P-1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="10" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="145"><div> CHEMICAL P-2</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> NON-COMPUTER</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="138"><div> <B>2( </B><B>C</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B>H</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>8</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><B>)</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11"><div> <B>+</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="93"><div> <B>10(O</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><B>)</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11"><div> <B>=</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="134"><div> <B>8( H</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><B>O )</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10"><div> <B>+</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="145"><div> <B>3(C</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><B>O</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>4</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><B>)</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 92 WIDTH="132"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="92" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="132" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH="138"><div> <IMG SRC="111959440.gif" border=0 width="89" height="68" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> PROPANE</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="92" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="11" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH="93"><div> <IMG SRC="10dc492b0.gif" border=0 width="73" height="43" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" >OCSION</FONT></div> <div> ( OXYGEN )</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="92" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="11" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="10dd382c0.gif" border=0 width="56" height="44" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> WATER MOLECULES </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="92" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="10" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH="145"><div> <IMG SRC="111b48460.gif" border=0 width="72" height="70" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> TETROCSENE</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="132"><div> COMPUTER</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <B>2[ 3.CBN + 8.HDR ]</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11"><div> <B>+</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <B>10[ 2.OCS ]</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11"><div> <B>=</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <B>8[ 1.OCS+2.HDR ]</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="10"><div> <B>+</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <B>3[ 2.CBN + 4.OCS ]</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="132"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="132" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=7 WIDTH="554"><div> TEMPERATURE OF REACTIONS = 350°C</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></B></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="684" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 99 ><NOBR><div> <B>             IF WE NOW ADD,THE EXACT, </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#CCFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>METRIC WEIGHT</B></FONT><B>, OF EACH OF THE COMPONENTS </B></div> <div> <B>      TO ALL THE COMPUTER EQUATIONS, WHICH ARE, SHOWN ABOVE, WE CAN SEE THAT,</B></div> <div> <B>      THE WEIGHT OF CHEMICALS R-1 & R- 2  = THE WEIGHT OF CHEMICALS  P-1 & P-2</B></div> <div> <B>                                                                                                                                       AS SHOWN BELOW</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></B></div> <bR> <div> <B> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="4" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="767" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#CCFFFF" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="360"><div> <B> REACTANTS</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH="11"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="11" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="364"><div> <B> PRODUCTS</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="360"><div> <B> CHEMICAL R-1         PROPANE</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM ROWSPAN=12 WIDTH="11"><div> <B>=</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="364"><div> <B> CHEMICAL P-1        WATER</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> <B>                3 CARBON = 3 x 19. 94 =   59. 82 </B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>               1.OCSION   = 1 x 26. 56 =  26. 56</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> <B>                8.HYDRON = 8 x   1. 67 =   13. 36</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>              2.HYDRON =  2 x   1. 67 =    3. 34</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> <B>WT. OF PROPANE MOLECULE =   73. 18 ugr</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>     WT. OF WATER MOLECULE =  29. 90</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> <B>     </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B>  WT OF TWO MOLECULES  = 146. 36 ugr</B></FONT></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>   WT. OF EIGHT MOLECULES = 239.20</B><B> ugr</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> <B>CHEMICAL R-2          OCSION MOLECULES</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="364"><div> <B> CHEMICAL P-2      </B><B> TETROCSENE</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="360"><div> <B>    2.OCSION = 2 x  26. 56 =   53. 12</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>             2.CARBON =  2 x 19. 94 =    39. 88</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> <B>           </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B>WT  OF 10 MOLECULES = 531. 12 ugr</B></FONT></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>             4.OCSION  =  4 X 26. 56 =  106. 24</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="360"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="360" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>         WT. OF ONE MOLECULE =  146. 12 </B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="360"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="360" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B> WT. OF THREE MOLECULES = 438. 36 ugr</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="360"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="360" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="364"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="364" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 20 ><NOBR><div> <B>WT. OF REACTANTS: R-1 & R-2  =  677. 56 ugr</B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>WT. OF PRODUCTS: P-1 & P- 2  =  677. 56 ugr</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=3 HEIGHT= 122 ><NOBR><div> THESE WEIGHTS, ARE THE METRIC ATOMIC WEIGHTS,</div> <div> THAT ARE SHOWN  ON, THE SCHOLASTIC  PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS</div> <div> THE BASIC WEIGHT UNIT IS THE UNIGRAM <B>:</B>        1 UNIGRAM = 1 UGR  = 1 ugr = 10e-24 GRAMS</div> <div> THEY ARE PART OF THE NEW, IUPAC APPROVED METRIC</div> <div> CHEMICAL FORMULATION SYSTEM,  FOR COMPUTER ASSISTED CHEMISTRY<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></B></div> <bR> <div> <B> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="664" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 1065 ><NOBR><div> <B>       AS YOU CAN SEE, </B></div> <div> <B>       DURING THE BURNING OR COMBUSTION OF HYDRO-CARBON FUELS,</B></div> <div> <B>       ALL THE COMPONENTS ARE RECYCLED AND ARE USED IN OTHER CHEMICALS</B></div> <bR> <div> <B>WE ALSO CAN SAY,  </B></div> <div> <B>THAT CHEMICAL R-1,  </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B>REACTED </B></FONT><B>WITH CHEMICAL R-2 </B></div> <div> <B>       AND</B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B> PRODUCED</B></FONT><B> BOTH CHEMICAL P-3 & CHEMICAL P-4</B></div> <div> <B>THEREFORE,</B></div> <div> <B>IT IS SAID,THAT CHEMICAL R-1 & CHEMICAL R-2  ARE THE </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B>REACTANTS</B></FONT><B>,</B></div> <div> <B>                  AND THAT CHEMICAL P-3 & CHEMICAL P-4 ARE THE </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B>PRODUCTS</B></FONT><B>.</B></div> <div> <B>WE CAN UNDERSTAND FROM THESE OBSERVATIONS</B></div> <div> <B>WHY SCIENTISTS SAY,</B></div> <div> <B>             THE REACTANTS = THE PRODUCTS</B></div> <div> <B>             AND ALSO  WHY THEY SAY, </B></div> <div> <B>DURING CHEMICAL CHANGES,</B></div> <div> <A HREF="chemistry_concepts.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS"><U><B>MATTER</B></U></A><B> IS NEITHER CREATED, NOR DESTROYED. </B></div> <div> <B>                          WE CAN ALSO COMPREHEND WHY,</B></div> <div> <B>WHEN THE WEIGHT OF THE REACTANTS = THE WEIGHT OF THE PRODUCTS</B></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>THE EQUATION IS SAID TO BE A BALANCED EQUATION</B></div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="110413a00.gif" border=0 width="275" height="160" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <div> <B>    OCSION-OXYGEN ATOMS,CAN ALSO REACT,</B></div> <div> <B>    WITH  MANY OTHER  ATOMIC ELEMENTS </B></div> <div> <B>    THAT ARE FOUND IN FUELS.</B></div> <div> <B>    FOR EXAMPLE:  </B></div> <div> <B>    MANY MOTOR & HEATING FUELS, </B></div> <div> <B>    ALSO CONTAIN, SULFURON ATOMS,</B></div> <div> <B>    THAT COMBINE WITH OCSION ATOMS, </B></div> <div> <B>    DURING COMBUSTION, TO CREATE GASES. </B></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>NEXT WE STUDY, </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="sulfuron_combustion.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="SULFUR COMBUSTION"><U><B>THE COMBUSTION OF SULFURON ATOMS</B></U></A></FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></B></div> <bR> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=28 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" > </FONT>      <A HREF="modern_chemistry_.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="MODERN CHEMISTRY"><U>CHEMICAL CHANGES & LIFE</U></A>         <A HREF="body_chemistry.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="BODY CHEMISTRY"><U>OUR BODY CHEMISTRY</U></A>          <A HREF="sulfuron_combustion.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="SULFUR COMBUSTION"><U>SULFURON COMBUSTION</U></A>         <A HREF="calcion_sulfate_synthesis.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS"><U>CALCION SULFATE SYNTHESIS</U></A></div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>