INSIDE OF ATOMS

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" height=50 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B>  </B><B>CHEMISTRY SCHOOL</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><B>    </B><B> </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMISTRY SCHOOL"><U>HOME PAGE - INDEX TO THE LESSONS</U></A><B>   </B>     </div> <div>      <A HREF="what_are_atoms.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="WHAT ARE ATOMS ?"><U>PAGE 1   WHAT ARE ATOMS ?</U></A>    |    <A HREF="inside_of_atoms.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="INSIDE OF ATOMS"><U>PAGE 2    THE INSIDE OF ATOMS</U></A>   |    <A HREF="how_atoms_join.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HOW ATOMS JOIN"><U>PAGE 3   HOW ATOMS JOIN</U></A></div> <bR> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=430 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <B>THE INSIDE OF ATOMS</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" ><B>.....</B><B>.</B></FONT><B>WHAT THE SCIENTISTS DISCOVERED  </B><B>  </B><I><B>          </B></I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT><I><B> <A NAME="inside_of_atoms_1_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="530" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 144 WIDTH="325"><div> IN THE CENTER, OF EACH ATOM,</div> <div> THERE IS, A SMALL MASS,</div> <div> CALLED, THE <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >NUCLEUS</FONT>,</div> <div> MADE OF ONE OR MORE, </div> <div> POSITIVELY CHARGED, <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0033" FACE="Arial" >NUCLEONS</FONT></div> <div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#993366" FACE="Arial" >THE </FONT>NUCLEUS, <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#993366" FACE="Arial" > IS COLORED</FONT><B> </B>RED</div> <div> IN THE DRAWING, ON THE RIGHT.</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="194"><div> A  HYDROEN ATOM HAS</div> <div> 1 ELECTRON</div> <div> <IMG SRC="219b57560.gif" border=0 width="87" height="86" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> HYDRON = Hydrogen</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 197 ><NOBR><div> AROUND THE <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0033" FACE="Arial" >NUCLEUS,</FONT></div> <div> THERE ARE, ONE OR MORE, </div> <div> VERY TINY, </div> <div> NEGATIVELY CHARGED, SMALL MASSES,</div> <div> CALLED, <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I>ELECTRONS</I></FONT>,</div> <div> THAT TRAVEL, AROUND THE NUCLEUS,</div> <div> AS SHOWN, IN THE DRAWINGS, ON THE RIGHT. </div> <div> THE ELECTRONS, REVOLVING </div> <div> AROUND THE NUCLEUS, ARE<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I> COLORED BLUE</I></FONT></div> <div> IN THE DRAWINGS.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="194"><bR> <div> A HELION ATOM HAS</div> <div> 2  ELECTRONS</div> <div> <IMG SRC="219c7a7a0.gif" border=0 width="122" height="122" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> HELION = Helium</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 115 ><NOBR><div> EACH TIME, THAT THE,<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I> BLUE ELECTRON</I></FONT> OF HYDRON,</div> <div> ORBITS, THE RED NUCLEUS, OF THE ATOM, </div> <div> ITS ORBITAL PATH, CHANGES,  AS SHOWN RIGHT >>></div> <bR> <div> BECAUSE, THE SPIN  ANGLE,</div> <div> OF THE AXIS, OF THE <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I>ELECTRON IS TILTED </I></FONT></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="194"><bR> <div> <IMG SRC="b5a58580.gif" border=0 width="88" height="88" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 123 WIDTH="325"><div> <IMG SRC="b5cbc760.gif" border=0 width="188" height="118" ALT="ELECTRONS CAN HAVE A TILTED SPIN AXIS" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="194"><bR> <div> <IMG SRC="b5e57560.gif" border=0 width="87" height="86" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 104 ><NOBR><div> THE <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I>ELECTRON'S</I></FONT> ORBITAL PATH, CHANGES,</div> <div> AND IN A FEW SECONDS, </div> <div> ITS ORBITALS,  ENCLOSE >>>>>>>>>>>></div> <div> THE <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0033" FACE="Arial" >NUCLEUS</FONT> IN A BALL, </div> <div> OF MOVING ENERGY.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="194"><div> <IMG SRC="b6064630.gif" border=0 width="100" height="99" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 94 ><NOBR><bR> <div> SO POWERFUL AND IMPENETRABLE,</div> <div> THAT THE ATOM, APPEARS TO BE A SOLID BALL >>>></div> <bR> <div> THESE DRAWINGS,SHOW HOW, </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="194"><div> <IMG SRC="b6258590.gif" border=0 width="88" height="89" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 110 ><NOBR><div> THE ONE ELECTRON ORBITAL OF AN ATOM OF HYDRON - Hydrogen </div> <div> CAN ENCLOSE, THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM, IN A SHELL OF ENERGY.</div> <div> WHEN AN ELECTRON'S ORBITAL, </div> <div> MAKES A  <U>S</U>PHERICAL, BALL-LIKE, SHELL OF ENERGY, </div> <div> PHYSICISTS SAY, THAT ELECTRON ORBITAL IS A "<B>S</B>" ORBITAL.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 318 ><NOBR><div> THERE ARE ATOMS,  </div> <div> WITH AS MANY AS 60, 70 OR MORE ELECTRONS,   </div> <div> AND IT IS VERY IMPORTANT, TO KNOW, THAT,</div> <div> WHEN<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" > ATOMS, </FONT>HAVE MORE, THAN ONE, </div> <div> NEGATIVELY CHARGED, SPINNING ELECTRON,</div> <div> THEY ALSO HAVE, A NUCLEUS, </div> <div> MADE OF, AS MANY POSITIVELY CHARGED, NUCLEONS, </div> <div> AS THERE ARE, ADDITIONAL, NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRONS.</div> <div> POSITIVELY CHARGED NUCLEONS, ARE CALLED PROTONS,</div> <bR> <div> THEREFORE, </div> <div> AN ATOM WITH <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >2 NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRONS </FONT></div> <div>       MUST HAVE<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0033" FACE="Arial" >2 POSITIVELY CHARGED PROTONS </FONT></div> <div>       OR THE ATOM, WOULD NOT BE NEUTRAL,</div> <div> AND WE WOULD, RECEIVE A SHOCK, IF WE TOUCHED IT.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 270 ><NOBR><div> YOU MAY BE WONDERING WHY,</div> <div> THE<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><I> CENTRIFIGAL </I></FONT>FORCES, OF THE FAST MOVING ELECTRONS, </div> <div> DO NOT CONSTANTLY CAUSE,  THEIR ELECTRON'S ORBITALS TO GET LARGER..?</div> <bR> <div> IF YOU CAN REMEMBER, FROM YOUR STUDYS OF MAGNETS, </div> <div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#993366" FACE="Arial" >THAT </FONT>OPPOSITE<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" > </FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#993366" FACE="Arial" >CHARGES,</FONT> <I>ATTRACT</I> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#993366" FACE="Arial" >EACH OTHER,</FONT></div> <div> AND <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >SIMILAR</FONT> CHARGES, <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >REPEL</FONT> EACH OTHER,</div> <bR> <div> THEN YOU CAN UNDERSTAND,  </div> <div> THAT THE, <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" >POSITIVE CHARGED NUCLEUS</FONT>,</div> <bR> <div> ALSO HAS THE ABILITY, TO HOLD ON TO, </div> <div> THE FAST MOVING <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >NEGATIVE GHARGED ELECTRONS,</FONT></div> <div> AND KEEPS THEM, FROM FLYING OUT INTO SPACE</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 345 ><NOBR><bR> <div> SOME TIMES, </div> <div> THE<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" > POSITIVE CHARGED NUCLEUS</FONT> OF AN ATOM,</div> <div> WILL ALSO ATTRACT, THE ELECTRONS, </div> <div> SPINNING AROUND, OTHER NEARBY ATOMS,</div> <div> AND CAUSE THE ADJACENT ATOMS TO JOIN, OR BOND TOGETHER..</div> <bR> <div> WHEN THIS HAPPENS, </div> <div> VERY IMPORTANT,  NEW CHEMICALS ARE MADE,</div> <div> FOR EXAMPLE </div> <bR> <div> WHEN THE <I>NUCLEUS,</I><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><I> </I></FONT>OF THE ATOM OF THE GAS <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >OCSION </FONT>- Oxygen</div> <div> ATTRACTS THE <I>ELECTRONS,</I> OF THE ATOMS OF THE GAS <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >HYDRON - </FONT>Hydrogen</div> <div> THEY STICK TOGETHER AND MAKE....YOU GUESSED IT.......<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >WATER..</FONT></div> <bR> <div> ON THE NEXT PAGE,</div> <div> WE ARE GOING TO STUDY.......<A HREF="how_atoms_join.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HOW ATOMS JOIN"><U>HOW ATOMS THE JOIN TOGETHER</U></A></div> <div> WHEN THESE TWO GASES COMBINE TO MAKE THE LIQUID <A HREF="how_atoms_join.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HOW ATOMS JOIN"><U> WATER </U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <A HREF="inside_of_atoms_m.htm" TITLE="INSIDE OF ATOMS"><U>BACK TO TOP</U></A></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>