TWISTED LADDERS

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=28 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>CHEMISTRY SCHOOL</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><B>                  </B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMISTRY SCHOOL"><U>HOME PAGE - INDEX TO THE LESSONS</U></A> <B>                   </B>PAGE   4    HUMAN GENOME REFERENCE</div> <div> <A HREF="what_is_a_helix.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="WHAT IS A HELIX AND WHAT IS RNA and DNA "><U>WHAT IS A HELIX AND WHAT IS RNA and DNA ?</U></A>   |   <A HREF="our_genes_and_dna.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="OUR GENES and DNA"><U>OUR GENES and DNA</U></A>   |   <A HREF="what_is_dna.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="WHAT IS DNA ?"><U>WHAT IS DNA ?</U></A>   |   <B>TWISTED LADDERS</B></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=212 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000"> <div>  WHAT IS A DOUBLE HELIX </div> <div>  AND WHAT IS RNA and DNA?</div> <bR> <div>     TABLE OF CONTENTS</div> <div> <A HREF="what_is_a_helix.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="WHAT IS A HELIX AND WHAT IS RNA and DNA "><U>PAGE 1  WHAT IS A HELIX ?</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="our_genes_and_dna.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="OUR GENES and DNA"><U>PAGE 2  OUR GENES and DNA</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="what_is_dna.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="WHAT IS DNA ?"><U>PAGE 3  DNA, WHAT IS DNA ?</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="ladder_concepts_m.htm#the_twisted_ladders" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="TWISTED LADDERS"><U>PAGE 4  TWISTED LADDER</U></A></div> <div>       <IMG SRC="1c705ea80.gif" border=0 width="94" height="168" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>      </div> <div>           </div> <div> CLICK BELOW TO SEE </div> <div> THE HUMAN GENOME DATA IN</div> <div>   <A HREF="our_nucleic_acids_.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS"><U>OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS</U></A></div> </td> <td valign="top" height=452 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I><B>THE TWISTED LADDERS OF DNA </B></I><I><B>                                                                            </B></I><I><B> <A NAME="the_twisted_ladders"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></I></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="533" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 254 ><NOBR><div> IN THE 1950'S,GENETIC RESEARCHERS </div> <div> BEGAN TO SEARCH, IN THE CELLS </div> <div> OF OUR BODY,FOR THE LOCATION</div> <div> OF THE GENETIC CODING,THAT,</div> <div> GREGOR MENDEL, DISCOVERED,</div> <div> THAT DETERMINES, </div> <div> OUR  INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS.</div> <div> MANY OF THE GENETIC RESEARCHERS,</div> <div> WENT TO ENGLAND,TO DO RESEARCH,</div> <div> ON OUR HUMAN CHROMOSOMES,THAT,</div> <div> ARE IN THE NUCLEUS, OF OUR CELLS,</div> <div> WHERE HIS STUDY NOTES, WERE STORED,</div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="218" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#006699" BORDERCOLORDARK="#006699" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#EEEEEE > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 183 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="11bfd4b20.gif" border=0 width="212" height="178" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div>    A STUDY OF A COIL OF DNA </div> <div>  FROM PRINCESS ELIZABETH</div> <div>                  UK  1950</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 285 ><NOBR><div> THE FIRST TO SUCCEED, IN DISCOVERING, THE STRUCTURE OF THE CHROMOSOMES, </div> <div> WAS A WOMAN RESEARCHIST, AT KING'S LABORATORY, NAMED ROSALIND FRANKLIN,</div> <div> WHO HAD BEEN WORKING, WITH A TEAM, OF RESEARCHERS, FROM MANY COUNTRYS,</div> <div> FOR MANY YEARS, WITH VERY HIGH POWER, ELECTRON DIFFRACTION MICROSCOPES.</div> <div> AT THAT TIME,  IN ENGLAND, AROUND 1952, WOMEN, WERE NOT ALLOWED, </div> <div> TO DIRECT, SCIENCE DEPARTMENTS, WITH MEN IN THEM, OR TO COORDINATE, </div> <div> THE WORK OF RESEARCH TEAMS, WITH MEN IN THEM, EITHER..THEREFORE,</div> <div> THE CREDIT, FOR HER DISCOVERY, WAS GIVEN, TO TWO OTHER RESEARCHERS,</div> <div> WHO DID NOT TOTALLY UNDERSTAND, THE REAL STRUCTURE, OF THE LONG PAIRED,</div> <div> MOLECULES, AT THE CENTER, OF THE TWISTED CORDS, OF OUR CHROMOSOMES.</div> <div> THAT HAVE LARGE FLAT, PLATE SHAPED MOLECULES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS,IN THEM,</div> <div> IN HUMANS AND HAVE,STRANDS OF RIBOSE FOSFATES WRAPPED AROUND THEM,</div> <div> WHICH BIND THEM TOGETHER,INTO OUR LONG COILS OF DNA</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="533" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 267 ><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="209" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#006699" BORDERCOLORDARK="#003300" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 216 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="11c1ccd10.gif" border=0 width="204" height="209" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> THIS STUDY, SHOWS ONE CORD OF DNA, </div> <div> PASSING IN FRONT OF ANOTHER.</div> <div> IT ALSO SHOWS, SEVERAL TYPES OF FLAT, </div> <div> PLATE FORM, NUCLEIC ACIDS and THE TRAILS OF,</div> <div> THE THREE STRANDS OF, SMALL, LESS DENSE,</div> <div> RIBOSE-FOSFATE, MOLECULAR LINKS, BETWEEN,</div> <div> THE PLATE-FORM NUCLEIC ACIDS.</div> <div> BECAUSE, ROSALIND FRANKLIN WAS DENIED, </div> <div> THE RIGHT, TO PUBLISH HER RESEARCH, </div> <div> AT THAT TIME,THE NEWSPAPER REPORTERS</div> <div> AND OTHER RESEARCHERS, ONLY HEARD, </div> <div> OF HER COMMENT, " THEY ARE OFFSET,</div> <div> LIKE THE STEPS, OF A STEEP LADDER "</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 242 ><NOBR><div> WHEN TWO MALE RESEARCHERS, WANTED TO BUILD A MODEL,OF HER DISCOVERY,</div> <div> THEY ASKED, A MALE ASSOCIATE, OF ROSALIND FRANKLIN'S, WHAT DO THEY LOOK LIKE,</div> <div> THE MOLECULES, OF THE LONG, COILED DE-OXY-NUCLEIC ACIDS, THAT SHE SAID,</div> <div> WERE IN THE CENTER, OF EACH OF OUR COILED UP CHROMOSOMES...?</div> <div> HE WAS SHOCKED,THAT THE TWO MEN, WHO WORKED, AT ANOTHER UNIVERSITY,</div> <div> WOULD ASK HIM, ABOUT AN ASSOCIATE'S RESEARCH, INSTEAD OF, ASKING HER.</div> <div> HE TOLD THEM,  " I DO NOT THINK, IT IS PROPER OF ME, TO DIVULGE HER SECRETS,</div> <div> OR ANY OF THE SPECIAL,DNA RESEARCH,DONE WITH CHARGAFF and THE DONAHUES. </div> <div> HOWEVER, IF YOU STUDY, THE DNA OF MICE, PIGEONS,CHICKENS, DOGS OR COWS </div> <div> YOU WILL, MOST LIKELY FIND, THAT DNA MOLECULAR INFORMATION, FOR YOURSELF.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="528" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 358 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="11c3bd520.gif" border=0 width="189" height="338" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> THE TWO MEN, WENT BACK TO THEIR LABORATORY,</div> <div> WHERE IT IS BELIEVED, THEY STUDIED </div> <div> CHICKENS and MICE, BECAUSE, </div> <div> THEY HAVE LONG THIN AMMONIA</div> <div> CONTAINING NUCLEIC ACIDS, WITH THEIR</div> <div> RIBOSE FOSFATE LINKS, BETWEEN THEM.</div> <div> AS SHOWN IN THIS COPY, ON THE LEFT,</div> <div> OF THEIR ORIGINAL DRAWING, OF A VERY </div> <div> LONG TWISTED LADDER WITH ITS STEPS,</div> <div> MADE OF ROD-LIKE NUCLEIC ACIDS,.</div> <div> HOWEVER, <U>MICE and CHICKENS ARE NOT HUMANS</U></div> <div> THEIR CELLS ARE 1/55 THE SIZE OF OURS,</div> <div> THEIR ORGANELLES ARE 1/15 THE SIZE OF OURS</div> <div> THEIR NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE 1/6 THE SIZE OF OURS.</div> <div> YET, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANYS, NOW SELL,</div> <div> MEDICINES, WITH CHICKEN RNA and MOUSE DNA</div> <div> AND MANY SPORTS PERSONS, WHO USE THEM,</div> <div> DEVELOP, CANCER OF THE LUNG and SPLEEN.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="527" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 225 ><NOBR><div> THE X-RAY STUDY, ON THE RIGHT, </div> <div> OF A COILED SECTION, OF HUMAN DNA,</div> <div> SHOWS CLEARLY, THAT OUR COILED UP, </div> <div> LONG MOLECULES, OF DNA ,DO NOT HAVE,</div> <div> ANY CROSS RUNGS, OF NUCLEIC ACIDS, </div> <div> AS THE TWISTED LADDERS DRAWING </div> <div> LEFT, TELLS US, WE ARE ALL HAVE.</div> <div> BECAUSE ROSALIND FRANKLIN, </div> <div> WAS A WOMAN,WHO WAS BLOCKED,FROM </div> <div> PUBLISHING THIS RESEARCH,ON HUMAN</div> <div> RNA and DNA WHILE SHE WAS ALIVE.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="212" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#006699" BORDERCOLORDARK="#006699" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 183 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="1c6ad7ac0.gif" border=0 width="215" height="172" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> A COILED SECTION OF DNA</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 399 ><NOBR><div> OTHERS PUBLISHED CONCEPTS, BASED ON RODENT RESEARCH,</div> <div> THAT UNFORTUNATELY, CREATED FOR  ALL OF US, CANCERS and CYSTS,</div> <div> RESULTING FROM, THE MIS-APPLICATION OF THEIR CONCEPTS, </div> <div> THAT RELATE TO RODENTS, WHOSE DNA MOLECULES, AMINO ACIDS,.</div> <div> AND VITAMINS, DO NOT RESEMBLE, THOSE OF HUMAN BEINGS.</div> <div> <A HREF="our_nucleic_acids_.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS"><U><IMG SRC="1c6ce16c0.gif" border=0 width="225" height="108" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <div> A MICRO-FOTO BY DR.ROSALIND FRANKLIN OF</div> <div> THE DIFFERENT SIZES OF OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS </div> <div> THIS MICRO-FOTO SHOWS CLEARLY, THE FLAT, PLATE LIKE FORMS,</div> <div> OF THE DIFFERENT NUCLEIC ACIDS, IN OUR PAIRED COILED DNA.</div> <div> IF YOU WANT TO SEE,WHAT EACH OF OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS, LOOKS LIKE,   </div> <div> CLICK HERE TO READ ABOUT  <A HREF="our_nucleic_acids_.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="OUR NUCLEIC ACIDS"><U>"THE NUCLEIC ACIDS,IN HUMAN RNA & DNA "</U></A>                  </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="ladder_concepts_m.htm" TITLE="TWISTED LADDERS"><U>BACK TO TOP    </U></A>            </div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>