THE S,P,D,F, ORBITALS

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" height=28 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B>CHEMISTRY SCHOOL</B><B>                                                 </B></FONT><B> </B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMISTRY SCHOOL"><U>HOME PAGE - INDEX TO THE LESSONS</U></A></FONT> <B> </B></div> <bR> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=452 BGCOLOR="#FFFF99" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I><B>THE S,P,D,F, ORBITALS</B></I><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#FFFF99" FACE="Arial" ><I><B> ...............................................................</B></I></FONT></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="3" WIDTH="561" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 113 ><NOBR><div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT><B> S</B> =SPHERICAL</div> <div> AS YOU RECALL THE SPIN ANGLE OF THE  ELECTRON</div> <div> IN HYDRON ATOMS CONSTANTLY SHIFTS ITS ORBITAL</div> <div> UNTIL IT TOTALLY ENCLOSES THE NUCLEUS</div> <div> IN A SPHERE-LIKE BALL OF ENERGY...</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF WIDTH="214"><div> <IMG SRC="224343490.gif" border=0 width="67" height="73" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> AN ATOM OF HYDRON</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 140 ><NOBR><div> THE FIRST S ORBITAL IMAGE, SHOWS THE PATTERN, </div> <div> OF ELECTRON HITS, ON HYDRON'S, LONE ELECTRON.</div> <div> THE SECOND IMAGE, SHOWS THE ELECTRON HITS ON, </div> <div> A FROZEN, SECOND ELECTRON ORBITALS LOCATION</div> <div> THE DASHED LINE, INDICATES, THAT THE ELECTRON,</div> <div> GRADUALLY ENCLOSES, THE INNER SPHERE, </div> <div> MAKING A LARGER SPHERE OF ENERGY, AS IN HELION.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF><NOBR><div>           <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990000" FACE="Arial" ><B>1                  2                      3</B></FONT></div> <div>   S ORBITAL + S ORBITAL = HELION</div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="b85c4450.gif" border=0 width="196" height="69" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> IMAGES OF <B>S</B> SPHERICAL ORBITALS </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 33 ><NOBR><div> THE THIRD IMAGE, SHOWS 2 SPHERICAL S ORBITALS,</div> <div> ONE INSIDE THE OTHER, ALSO AS IN, HELION ATOMS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="214"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="33" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="214" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="330"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="330" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="214"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="214" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 154 ><NOBR><div>    <B>   </B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><B> P</B>=PERPENDICULAR</FONT></div> <div> THE ELECTRONS IN P PERPENDICULAR ORBITALS </div> <div>       DO NOT HAVE SPIN ANGLES & THEREFORE,</div> <div> THEY DO NOT MAKE SPHERICAL BALLS OF ENERGY </div> <div> THIS "P"ORBITAL GROUP, FROM +1 BONDED, POTASION,</div> <div>  IT WAS MADE, BY 6 ELECTRONS,  IN COLLAPSED,</div> <div> ORBITAL LOCATIONS, RESULTING FROM THE -230°C</div> <div> TEMPERATURES, USED, TO SLOW THE ELECTRONS.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF><NOBR><bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="b879f1f0.gif" border=0 width="159" height="31" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> A POTASION  <B>P</B> ORBITAL</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 135 ><NOBR><div> THERE ARE GROUPED P ORBITALS, IN URANION, </div> <div> PLUTONE, SAMARION, VANADION, CERION & HAFNION.</div> <div> THE PAIRED & GROUPED P ORBITALS, ARE IMPORTANT,</div> <div> TO CHEMISTS, WHO TRY TO MAKE, DOUBLE BONDS.</div> <div> THIS LEED STUDY, WAS MADE AT<B> -</B>216°C AND SHOWS,</div> <div> 5 ELECTRONS, IN COLLAPSED ORBITAL LOCATIONS,</div> <div> THAT RESULT FROM, THE SUB-ZERO TEMPERATURE. </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF><NOBR><bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="b89c4260.gif" border=0 width="196" height="38" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> GROUPED HAFNION <B>P</B> ORBITALS</div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="330"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="330" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="214"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="214" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 225 ><NOBR><div> PAIRED P ORBITALS, AS FOUND IN CARBON,</div> <div> AND SILICON ATOMS, WITH TWO S ORBITALS, </div> <div> WITHIN THE TWO PAIRED P  ORBITALS</div> <div> THE CLOVERLEAF SHAPED ORBITALS,.</div> <div> OFTEN SHOWN IN SCIENCE BOOKS, ARE MADE OF</div> <div> THE GROUPED ORBITALS IN ATOMS, THAT HAD BEEN</div> <div> PROGRESSIVELY FROZEN FOR 12 YEARS,</div> <div> TO TEMPERATURES NEAR ABSOLUTE ZERO,-273°C</div> <div> THE ACTUAL ORBITALS OF MOST ATOMS ARE CLOSER</div> <div>           TO THE IMAGES SHOWN ON THE PAGE</div> <div>                      THE ELECTRON ORBITALS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="b8bc1a40.gif" border=0 width="193" height="164" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> A ELECTRON DIFFRATION STUDY</div> <div> OF CARBON'S ORBITALS</div> <div> AT -182°C</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="330"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="330" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="214"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="214" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 129 ><NOBR><div>      <B>D</B> = DIAGONAL</div> <div> D ORBITALS NORMALLY ARE DIAGONAL ORBITALS</div> <div> OR SEVERAL DIAGONAL ORBITALS </div> <div> ONE INSIDE THE OTHER, AS SHOWN RIGHT.</div> <div> THEY OFTEN HAVE A P ORBITAL, WITHIN THE X, </div> <div> OF THE TWO DIAGONAL ORBITAL GROUPS.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF><NOBR><div>   <IMG SRC="b8d53530.gif" border=0 width="83" height="83" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"><IMG SRC="b8f7a560.gif" border=0 width="122" height="86" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>    </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> "<B>D</B>" DIAGONAL  ORBITALS</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="330"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="330" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="214"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="214" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 184 ><NOBR><div> <B>F</B> = FLOWER SHAPED</div> <div> WE MUST REMEMBER THAT THE LETTERS,</div> <div> P, D AND F USUALLY REFER TO A GROUP</div> <div> OF ELECTRON ORBITALS, OFTEN WITH,</div> <div>  A COMMON SPIN ANGLE, </div> <div> WHICH ALSO IS CALLED,THEIR ANGULAR MOMENTUM,</div> <div> OR THEIR QUANTUM LEVEL.</div> <div> THIS STUDY MADE AT  APPROXIMATELY -25°C</div> <div> IS OF ITRION'S ORBITALS, WHEN BONDED TO HYDRON.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF><NOBR><bR> <div> <IMG SRC="b91a6900.gif" border=0 width="166" height="144" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>  A FLOWER LIKE  <B>F</B> ORBITAL GROUP</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> THE SYMBOLS: S, P, D & F WERE CREATED, BY RESEARCHERS,</div> <div> WHO HAD TO WORK, WITH ATOMS, WHOSE ELECTRON ORBITALS,</div> <div> HAD BEEN SLOWED AND COLLAPSED, DO TO THE SUPER COLD, </div> <div> -250°C TEMPERATURES, THAT THE ELECTRON DIFFRACTION </div> <div> EQUIPMENT, IN USE IN 1932, REQUIRED.</div> <div> IN ADDITION, THE ELECTRON DIFFRACTION EQUIPMENT, SHOT  </div> <div> ITS ELECTRONS, AT A VERY ACUTE ANGLE, WHICH MADE IT HARD, </div> <div> AND OFTEN IMPOSSIBLE, TO STRIKE ELECTRON ORBITALS, </div> <div> THAT WERE PARALLEL, TO THE DIRECTION OF THE MOVEMENT,</div> <div> OF THE INCOMING ELECTRONS, OF THE DIFFRACTION EQUIPMENT.</div> <div> THE MORE RECENT ORBITAL STUDYS, SHOWN  IN<A HREF="atomic_research.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ATOMIC RESEARCH"><U> </U></A><A HREF="atomic_research.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ATOMIC RESEARCH"><U>THE ATOMIC RESEARCH</U></A></div> <div> THAT WERE USED, TO CREATE ALL THE ELECTRON ORBITAL DRAWINGS,</div> <div> ARE MUCH MORE ACCURATE AND SHOULD DISPEL ANY CONFUSION,</div> <div> ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONCEPTS, RELATED TO S,P D & F ORBITAL GROUPS.</div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="s_p_d_f_orbitals_m.htm" TITLE="THE S,P,D,F, ORBITALS"><U>BACK TO TOP</U></A></div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>