WHAT ARE SUGARS and CARBOHYDRATES ?
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IN FRUIT, THERE ARE OFTEN, SWEET LIQUIDS,
 AND STIFFER, BLAND, STICKY GELS,
IN BEANS, GRAINS, VEGETABLES, CHEESES & MEATS,
THERE ARE FATS, OILS & STARCHES,
THAT BECOME SWEETER, AS THEY ARE COOKED.
THESE SWEET FRUIT, LIQUIDS & GELS,
AND THE SWEET EDIBLE COOKED PARTS,
OF BEANS, GRAINS, VEGETABLES, CHEESES & MEATS,
ARE ALL CALLED, THE NATURAL SUGARS.
IN ADDITION, THEY ARE ALSO CALLED,
" CARBO-HYDRATES " BECAUSE,
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ALL THESE SIMPLE NATURAL SUGARS,
HAVE THE GENERAL FORMULA:
( N )CBN + ( N ) OCS + ( 2N ) HDR ( N = A NUMBER )
WHEREIN,
ARE IN, THE SAME, 1 TO 2 RATIO, AS THEY ARE,
IN THE WATER MOLECULES, THAT ARE CALLED HYDRATES,
THAT ALL HAVE, ONE OCSION ATOM & TWO HYDRON ATOMS IN THEM.
BECAUSE OF THIS, THESE SUGARS, AS A GROUP, ARE ALSO CALLED,
BY THE COMBINED NAME,CARBON+HYDRATES OR CARBO-HYDRATES.
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HOW THE SUGARS HELP IN THE NATURAL WORLD
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IN THE PLANT WORLD, THE SUGARS WORK, TO HELP EVERY SEED,
GROW ITS STEM & FIRST LEAVES,UNTIL IT IS,A 10cm HIGH SEEDLING
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LATER,EACH PLANT & TREE,PLACES THE SAME SUGARS,IN ITS SEEDS,
TO HELP IT BEGIN, A NEW CYCLE OF LIFE, FOR THAT PLANT SPECIES.
IN ADDITION, THE SEEDS & FRUIT, OF PLANTS & TREES,
ARE ALSO EATEN BY BIRDS, ANIMALS & HUMANS,
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BECAUSE, EACH OF THE SUGARS, ARE ALSO ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS,
FOR ALL OTHER LIVING CREATURES.
FOR EXAMPLE, IN HUMANS:
• THE NATURAL FRUIT SUGARS,
IN FRUIT, FEED THE MYELIN SHEATH,
AND DOCTORS CALL THEM, AS A GROUP...THE MYELOSES
• THE NATURAL GRAIN SUGARS....IN GRASS SEEDS,
FEED OUR MUSCLE PLEURAS...WITH LIQUID ENERGY
AND THEREFORE, THEY ARE CALLED.....THE PLEURA-LOSES
HOWEVER,
WHEN WE EAT, MORE OF THEM, THAN OUR MUSCLES, CAN USE,
THEY BEGIN, TO MAKE A LAYER, OF SOFT ADIPOSE TISSUE,
ALL AROUND OUR BODY, THAT IS CALLED FAT OR CELLULITE.
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THE FRUIT SUGARS STUDYS
RESEARCHERS, WORKED FOR MORE THAN 28 YEARS,
TO DISCOVER, THE BEST HUMAN USES, OF THE FRUIT SUGARS.
THE GRAIN SUGAR STUDYS
DOCTORS, AT THE JOHN HOPKINS, NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER,
WORKED,FOR MORETHAN 27 YEARS, WITH EACH OF THE DIFFERENT
GRAIN SUGARS, IN ORDER TO DISCOVER, THEIR BEST USES.
AS YOU READ, ABOUT EACH, OF THE 24 SUGARS,
YOU WILL LEARN ALSO, WHAT FOODS,
THEY GROW IN AND HOW OUR BODYS, USE THEM, EACH DAY.
NONE OF THESE NATURAL FRUIT SUGARS,REQUIRE US TO SECRETE
THE HORMONE INSULIN, FOR THEIR DIGESTION AND ASSIMILATION.
NEITHER DO THE GRAIN SUGARS, REQUIRE OUR BODYS,
TO USE INSULIN, IN ORDER TO DIGEST OR ASSIMILATE THEM,
WHEN THEY ARE NOT EATEN WITH MEATS,
HOWEVER, WHEN THEY ARE EATEN WITH MEATS,
THEY CREATE LARGE, MIXED STARCH AND PROTEIN, CONTAINING,
POLYPEPTIDES, THAT DO REQUIRE, ENERGY DEPLETING INSULIN,
IN ORDER, FOR THEM,TO BE DIGESTED AND ASSIMILATED.
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THE CHEMISTRY OF THE NATURAL SUGARS
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AS YOU CAN SEE, TO THE LEFT & RIGHT OF THIS TEXT,
CHEMISTS CALL THE NATURAL SUGARS,
BY NAMES SUCH AS, ACETONES, KETONES & ALDEHYDES.
THESE NAMES, TELL THEM, IF THE SUGAR,
IS LIGHTER THAN WATER..AS AN ACETONE IS,
ABOUT THE SAME WEIGHT, AS WATER...AS A KETONE IS,
OR HEAVIER THAN WATER...AS AN ALDEHYDE IS.
THESE NAMES, ALSO HELP DOCTORS, TO KNOW,
HOW AND WHERE, THEY CAN BE USED IN OUR BODYS.
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FOR MANY YEARS, SCIENTISTS, COULD NOT TELL US,
WHAT THESE SUGAR MOLECULES, LOOKED LIKE,
OR EVEN HOW BIG, THEY WERE.
THEY ONLY KNEW, THAT SUGAR MOLECULES,
WERE MADE OF, A REPETITIVE GROUP,
OF CARBON, OCSION & HYDRON ATOMS, ( OXYGEN & HYDROGEN )
AND THE RATIO OF CARBON ATOMS,
TO OCSION & HYDRON ATOMS, IN EACH,
OF THESE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUGAR MOLECULES.
THEY CALL, THE REPETITIVE SUGAR GROUPS, OR SUGAR ESTERS
BY THE NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS,IN THE REPETITIVE SECTIONS,
THAT BRANCH OUT, OF THE CENTRAL CORE OF A SUGAR MOLECULE:
TETROSE ESTERS, FOR 4 CARBON ATOM, SUGAR GROUP ESTERS,
PENTOSE ESTERS, FOR 5 CARBON ATOM, SUGAR GROUP ESTERS,
HEXOSE ESTERS, FOR 6 CARBON ATOM, SUGAR GROUP ESTERS.
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WHEN THE WORD KETONE IS JOINED TO
PENTOSE AS IN KETO-PENTOSE, IT SIMPLY MEANS,
THAT THE SUGAR MOLECULE, IS MADE OF WATER LIKE, REPETITIVE,
5 CARBON, 5 0CSION & 10 HYDRON ATOM, SUGAR ESTERS.
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THEY ALSO CALL,EACH SUGAR ESTER,REPETITIVE GROUP OF ATOMS,
BY A WORD,TAKEN FROM THE PERSIAN WORD FOR SUGARY = ZAKARA
THAT IS WRITTEN...IN DIFFERENT COUNTRYS,
A SACARIDE, A SACCARIDE & ALSO A SACCHARIDE.
WHEN A SUGAR ONLY CONTAINS 1-SACCHARIDE UNIT, THEY CALL IT
A MONO-SACARIDE, A MONO-SACCARIDE OR A MONO-SACCHARIDE.
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WHEN THERE ARE TWO SACCHARIDE UNITS IN A SUGAR MOLECULE
THEY ARE CALLED...DI-SACCHARIDES AND ALSO..BI-SACCHARIDES,
BECAUSE, THIS IS A WORLD WIDE WEB SCHOOL,
WE USE, THE PREFIX BI- INSTEAD OF DI- ,
WHEN REFERING TO PAIRED HYDROXYLS and HYDROCSYLS
BECAUSE, IN MANY LANGUAGES, DI =OF or DI =SMELL or DI =LESS
WHEN THERE ARE THREE SACCHARIDES IN A SUGAR MOLECULE,
THEY ARE CALLED, TRI-SACCHARIDES.
LARGER, COMMERCIALLY MADE, COMBINATIONS OF SACCHARIDES,
ARE CALLED POLI-SACARIDES AND ALSO..POLY-SACCHARIDES.
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IN 1958, DR.JONAS SALK & DR.LINUS PAULING, WERE FRUSTRATED,
BY THE IN-ADEQUATE FORMULAS & MOLECULAR DRAWINGS,
THAT, WERE THEN PUBLISHED, FOR THESE 24 SUGARS.
BECAUSE, WHEN THEY TRIED, TO SYNTHESIZE THEM,
ACCORDING TO, THOSE PUBLISHED SUGAR, RATIO FORMULAS,
THE CHEMICALS, WERE ACID ANHYDRIDES & NOT SUGARS.
THEREFORE, THEY DECIDED, TO TRY TO DISCOVER,
EXACTLY HOW, EACH OF THE ATOMS, IN THOSE SUGARS,
JOINED TO, THE OTHER ATOMS, IN EACH SUGAR MOLECULE.
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USING ELECTRON & POSITRON MICROSCOPES,
THEY WERE ABLE TO STUDY THE SIZE & SHAPE,
OF SEMI-FROZEN & FROZEN SUGAR MOLECULES.
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THE STORY, OF THESE, 24 SUGAR MOLECULES,
IS THE STORY, OF THEIR WORK, OVER 42 YEARS.
STARTING WITH, THEIR STUDYS, INTO SYNTHETIC SWEETNERS,
THAT WERE DESTROYING,THE HEALTH OF MILLIONS, OF PERSONS,
THAT LED THEM, TO THE HIGHEST COURTS, WHERE THEY FOUGHT,
TO PROTECT THE LIVES, OF WORKING MEN & WOMEN..EVERYWHERE,
THEY WENT ON TO DISCOVER,THE SHAPE & FORM OF EVERY SINGLE,
NATURAL SUGAR & HOW THEY ARE USED, IN THE HUMAN BODY.
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WHILE THEY WERE STUDYING, ALL THE GRAIN & FRUIT SUGARS,
& THEIR USES, IN ANIMALS AND IN OUR HUMAN BODYS.
THEIR WORK, ON SPECIFIC SUGARS, WAS OFTEN BLOCKED,
FOR SEVERAL YEARS, BECAUSE COOKS, DOCTORS,
VETERINARYS, NURSES & NUTRITIONISTS, WOULD NOT WORK ON,
THE 12 SUGARS, LISTED BELOW, WHICH HAVE COMPLICATED,
DIFFICULT TO SAY, VULGAR OR OFFENSIVE NAMES TO THE MUSLIMS.
DIHYDROXYACETONE, ERYTHRULOSE, XYLULOSE, PSICOSE,
D-GLYCERALDEHYDE, ERYTHROSE, THREOSE, ARABINOSE,
XYLOSE, LYXOSE, MANNOSE & GULOSE.
MANY DOCTORS, AT THE SALK & PAULING INSTITUTES,
ALSO REFUSED, TO WORK ON VERY IMPORTANT, NATIONAL,
& UNESCO SPONSORED, SUGAR STUDYS, FOR THE SAME REASON.
BECAUSE OF THE REFUSAL OF THE MAJORITY OF PROFESSIONALS
TO WORK ON THOSE TWELVE SUGARS, WITH DIFFICULT NAMES,
THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, RATIFIED HIS SUGGESTION,
THAT ALL THE NAMES, OF THE SUGARS SHOULD BE REVISED,
SOON AFTER THAT,HE WAS ASKED BY THE NOMENCLATURE ( NAMES )
COMMITTEE OF UNESCO, TO DEVELOP SIMPLER, NEW NAMES,
FOR THE 25 FRUIT, CANE, GRAIN & TUBER SUGARS.
YOU WILL FIND, THE SIMPLIFIED NAMES, FOR EACH OF THE SUGARS,
WRITTEN ABOVE, THE FORMULA, FOR EACH OF THE SUGARS.
AND ALSO,BELOW THEIR STRUCTURAL FORMULA DRAWINGS.
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? HOW TO STUDY..THE FRUIT & GRAIN SUGARS ?
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WE SUGGEST,THAT YOU WRITE THE NAME OF EACH OF THE SUGARS,
ON A SEPARATE FILE CARD, OR PAGE IN YOUR NOTE BOOK,
AND, AS YOU READ EACH PAGE, WRITE DOWN THOSE,
NEW NAMES, MOLECULAR FORMULAS & CONCEPTS,
THAT YOU SEE, AS YOU READ, EACH DAY.
EACH PAGE, ILLUSTRATES, THE DISCOVERY, OF A SUGAR OR STARCH,
& HOW TO CREATE IT, IN LABORATORYS, WITH THE HELP OF THE NEW,
CHEMICAL FORMULAS, THAT COMPUTERS CAN COMPREHEND,
AND THE NEW, MORE COMPLETE, MOLECULAR DRAWINGS,
THAT ARE BASED ON THE RESEARCH OF THE SALK INSTITUTE,
SHOWN ON EACH PAGE, THAT SHOW, THE PRECISE LOCATION,
OF EACH CARBON,OCSION & HYDRON ATOM, IN THAT TYPE OF SUGAR.
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IF YOU ARE A BEGINNING CHEMISTRY OR CULINARY STUDENT,
ASSIGNED, THE TASK OF RESEARCHING,THE SUGARS,
FOR YOUR CLASS, YOU WILL FIND, NO PROBLEM,
REMEMBERING THESE CONCEPTS and FORMULAS,
IF, AS YOU READ EACH PAGE, YOU READ THE WORDS ALOUD,
INTO A TAPE RECORDER, AND THEN HOURS OR DAYS LATER,
LISTEN TO YOUR RECORDING, WHILE YOU RELAX OR TAKE A WALK.
ON THE AVERAGE,IT TAKES ABOUT 1/2 A DAY, FOR 30 DAYS
FOR A BEGINNING STUDENT ,TO BEGIN TO COMPREHEND
THE NATURE OF ALL OF THE SUGARS.
IT WILL TAKE, A CHEMISTRY TEACHER OR CHEMIST, ABOUT 1 HOUR,
TO CAREFULLY READ, EACH PAGE, THE FIRST TIME,
AND WE RECOMMEND READING, ONLY ONE PAGE A DAY,
SO,AS TO ALLOW, NEW IDEAS, RELATED TO THE SUGAR,
YOU HAVE JUST STUDIED TO FLOW, IN YOUR MIND..
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HOW THE SUGARS HAVE HELPED US ALL
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DR.SALK SPENT 27 YEARS,
STUDYING, THE NATURE, OF EACH OF THE NATURAL SUGARS,
THAT FEED OUR NERVES & POWER OUR MUSCLES.
AS A RESULT, TWELVE OF THEM, WENT INTO, THE GAMMA GLOBULIN,
THAT ENDED THE SCOURGE, OF PARALYSIS, CREATED BY POLIO.
EACH PAGE, IS LOADED WITH HIS HOPES, THAT YOU TOO,
WILL AID MANKIND, WITH THE CHEMICAL IDEAS, THEY CONTAIN.
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NO MATTER, WHETHER IT IS,
THE CREATION OF, NEW COOKIES, ROLLS, BREADS, PIZZAS,
SODAS, BEERS, WINES, SOUPS, SALADS, VITAMINS OR MEDICINES,
EACH OF THEM, WILL BE IMPROVED BY, THE ADDITION OF,
ONE OF THESE POWER PACKED NATURAL SUGARS.
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