WHAT ARE ALKYNES ?

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" height=30 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B>CHEMISTRY SCHOOL</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B>  </B></FONT><B> </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="CHEMISTRY SCHOOL"><U>HOME PAGE - INDEX TO LESSONS</U></A> <B>  |   </B><A HREF="how_carbon_bonds.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HOW CARBON BONDS"><U>HOW CARBON BONDS</U></A>   |   <A HREF="what_are_alkanes.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKANES ?"><U>ALKANES</U></A>  <B> |   </B><A HREF="what_are_alkenes.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKENES ?"><U>ALKENES</U></A>  <B> |</B>   ALKYNES     <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >              <B>                                          </B>                                      </FONT></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=425 BGCOLOR="#FFFFCC" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="7" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="751" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#993380" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR=#FFCCB2 HEIGHT= 20 WIDTH="719"><div> <B>WHAT ARE ALKYNES ? </B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCCB2 HEIGHT= 38 ><NOBR><div> <B>A COLLEGE CHEMISTRY LESSON </B></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCCB2 WIDTH="466"><div> <B>MODERN SOLVENTS </B></div> <div> <B>PAINTS, PLASTICS and AIRCRAFT FUELS</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 19 WIDTH="251"><div> <B>RESEARCH STUDYS</B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="466"><div> <B>AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ALKYNES</B> <A NAME="butadiene_study"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF HEIGHT= 332 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="bb8cfb80.gif" border=0 width="207" height="184" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div>   ALL THE STUDYS OF BUTADIENE</div> <div>   SHOW 12 ELECTRON HITS,</div> <div>   UPON THE NUCLEI OF THE ATOMS, </div> <div>   AND NOT 10 ELECTRON HITS.</div> <bR> <div>  <A HREF="#butadiene_studys" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKYNES ?"><U> LOOK BELOW TO SEE WHY</U></A><A HREF="#butadiene_studys" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKYNES ?"><U> ?</U></A>                    </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC><NOBR><div> ALKYNES HAVE THE GENERAL RATIO FORMULA</div> <div>  ( N )CBN + ( 2N -2 )HDR </div> <div> THE IUPAC SYSTEM NAMES, FOR ALKYNES, </div> <div> NORMALLY, START WITH THE LATIN PREFIX, </div> <div> FOR THE NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS, </div> <div> IN THE RATIO FORMULA, FOR THE ALKYNE</div> <div> & THEY END WITH, DIENE, DYNE OR ENE</div> <div> THE SMALLEST OF THE ALKYNES, </div> <div>                         IS CALLED BY THE IUPAC SYSTEM NAME </div> <div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#660033" FACE="Arial" >                           BUTADIENE     </FONT> <I>( BE-YOU-TAH-DAI-AEN )</I></div> <div>         & IT HAS THE CHEMICAL RATIO FORMULA:  </div> <div>            H2C=CH-CH=CH2        ( 4.CBN:+ 6.HDR: )</div> <div> IN 1998, SCIENTISTS MADE THIS STUDY, OF THE ALKYNE,</div> <div> BUTADIENE, AT -129°C  IN ORDER TO SEE, WHY THEIR, </div> <div> NMR EQUIPMENT, INDICATED THAT EACH OF THE MOLECULES,</div> <div> OF THE BUTADIENE HAD EIGHT CARBON ATOMS & NOT FOUR.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF HEIGHT= 251 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="bb5cfb90.gif" border=0 width="207" height="185" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> A MOLECULAR SIZE & FORM STUDY OF</div> <div> A LOW ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION </div> <div> ( L.E.E.D. ) STUDY OF BUTADIENE</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC><NOBR><div> CIRCLES, THE SIZE OF THE INTER-ATOMIC DISTANCE, <A NAME="butadiene_studys"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> BETWEEN THE MOST CENTRAL NUCLEI, WERE DRAWN,</div> <div> AROUND ALL SIX, OF THE INNER GROUP OF NUCLEAR HITS.</div> <div> THEN CIRCLES, WITH THE RADIUS, THE SIZE OF THE REMAINING</div> <div> DISTANCE, WERE DRAWN AROUND THE OUTER GROUP, </div> <div> OF SIX NUCLEI & AROUND TWO, OF THE CENTRAL GROUP,</div> <div> THAT SEEMED TO REFLECT MORE ELECTRONS </div> <div> DURING THE LEED STUDY, THAN THE OTHER NUCLEI.</div> <div> BECAUSE, THE TWO CENTRAL, PARA CARBONS, APPEARED</div> <div> TO BE ABOVE, THE PLANE, OF THE 4 CARBON BUTENE GROUP,</div> <div> THEY PETITIONED FOR APPROVAL, TO DO ANOTHER STUDY,</div> <div> OF THE SAME MOLECULE, FROM THE SIDE.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF HEIGHT= 272 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="bb6cfa90.gif" border=0 width="207" height="169" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> A MOLECULAR FORM STUDY</div> <div> OF THE SIDE OF BUTADIENE</div> <div> ON ANOTHER LEED STUDY </div> <div> <A HREF="#butadiene_drwg" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKYNES ?"><U>LOOK BELOW TO SEE</U></A> </div> <div> WHAT THE ENTIRE MOLECULE LOOKS LIKE </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> THIS STUDY, MADE AT -168°C, AT THE TECNION UNIVERSITY, </div> <div> WITH THE SAME SIZE CIRCLES DRAWN, ON THE NUCLEAR HITS</div> <div> CLEARLY SHOWS, THE TWO PAIRS, OF METHYLENE CARBONS,</div> <div> AT OPPOSITE ENDS, OF THE MOLECULE.</div> <div> IT ALSO SHOWS, THAT THE BUTENE GROUP, IN THE CENTER,</div> <div> ONLY CONTAINS, CH -HYDROLENE, CARBON ATOMS.</div> <div> AS A RESULT, OF THESE TWO STUDYS,</div> <div> A MORE EXACT, NEW NAME, AND A MORE PRECISE FORMULA,</div> <div> WAS CREATED, THAT ALLOWED FOR, THE PROPER PHASING,</div> <div> OF THE TWO TYPES, OF HYDRO-CARBON GROUPS,</div> <div> CH HYDROLENES & CH2 METHYLENES, IN THE MOLECULE, </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF HEIGHT= 202 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="bb781680.gif" border=0 width="129" height="104" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> A COMPUTER SIMULATION </div> <div> OF 2 BUTADIENE</div> <div> NOW RENAMED OCTA-DYNE</div> <div> EACH OF THE CH-HYDROLENES</div> <div> BOND TO 3 OTHER CARBON ATOMS</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> THIS ALLOWED, THE SYNTHEZING, OF THIS HYDRO-CARBON, <A NAME="butadiene_drwg"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> AT HALF THE COST & IN ONE QUARTER THE TIME.</div> <div> THE TWO STUDYS, OF THE ENTIRE MOLECULE,</div> <div> SHOW CLEARLY, THAT THE CH2 METHYLENE CARBONS,</div> <div> ARE NOT DOUBLE BONDED, TO THE CH HYDROLENES,</div> <div> BUT INSTEAD, EACH BOND TO TWO, CH HYDROLENES.</div> <div> THEREFORE, THE DIENE ENDING, WHICH MEANS,</div> <div> THAT THE MOLECULE CONTAINED TWO DOUBLE BONDS, </div> <div> IS INCORRECT, AND AS A RESULT, </div> <div>         THIS HYDRO-CARBON IS RENAMED, OCTADYNE ~ 2 BUTADIENE</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF HEIGHT= 337 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="c29c5b80.gif" border=0 width="197" height="184" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> THIS IS THE NEW STRUCTURAL</div> <div> FORMULA DRAWING FOR </div> <div> OCTADYNE ~ 2 BUTADIENE  </div> <div> THE HC <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>- </B></FONT>CH BONDS</div> <div> ARE MADE 35-50 MINUTES</div> <div> AFTER THE FOURTH ELECTRON</div> <div> ORBITAL HAS BEEN RE-STATIONED</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> THE NEW IUPAC COMPUTER SYSTEM FORMULA IS:</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>OCTADYNE </B>~ 2 BUTADIENE</div> <div> <B>   8.CBN + 12.HDR =</B></div> <div> <B>( CH+2(CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#660033" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><B>)+CH ) + </B><B>( CH</B><B> 2</B><B>(CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#660033" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><B> )+CH )</B></div> <div> THE AUTOMATED PROCESSING FORMULA IS<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#660033" FACE="Arial" >:</FONT></div> <div> <B>( </B><B>>'CH + 2(>CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#660033" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><B>) + >'CH ) + (>'CH+ 2(>CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#660033" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><B> ) + >'CH )</B></div> <div> THE SYMBOLS USED ABOVE, FOR WRITING FORMULAS, </div> <div> FOR THE ALKENES & ALKYNES ARE EXPLAINED,</div> <div> IN WRITING<A HREF="alkene_alkyne_formulas.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ALKENE and ALKYNE FORMULAS"><U> </U></A><A HREF="alkene_alkyne_formulas.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ALKENE and ALKYNE FORMULAS"><U>ALKENE & ALKYNE FORMULAS</U></A></div> <div> THEY WORK IN ALL COMPUTERS & ARE EASY TO LEARN. </div> <bR> <div> OCTADYNE, IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR ALKYNES,</div> <div> BECAUSE IT IS A MIXABLE LIQUID, UNTIL 10°C</div> <div> MANY TYPES OF PAINT PIGMENTS, PLASTICS & SOFT NYLONS</div> <div> ARE MADE WITH THIS LIQUID ALKYNE HYDRO-CARBON.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 15 WIDTH="719"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="15" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="719" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR=#FFCCB2 HEIGHT= 50 WIDTH="719"><div> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#660033" FACE="Arial" ><B>MULTI - CYCLIC ALKYNES</B></FONT> <A NAME="cyclo_propyne"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> <B>HEXA~CYCLO-PROPYNE</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC HEIGHT= 445 ><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="727" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#660033" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM HEIGHT= 342 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="c0ca6b30.gif" border=0 width="166" height="179" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> CARBON'S TETRAHEDRAL</div> <div> BONDING NATURE,GIVES</div> <div>  IT THE ABILITY, TO MAKE,</div> <div> CARBON, ARENE RINGS, </div> <div> THAT ARE ABLE TO  BOND,</div> <div> TO SINGLE CARBON ATOMS,<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >......</FONT></div> <div> BETWEEN THE TWO RINGS</div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM><NOBR><div>     <IMG SRC="c0e8a990.gif" border=0 width="138" height="153" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> THE TWO, RED COLORED,</div> <div> ARENE RINGS OF CARBON</div> <div> ATOMS, ARE SHOWN HER,E</div> <div> BONDING TO,THE ORANGE </div> <div> COLORED CARBON ATOMS<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >.,...............</FONT></div> <div> THAT ARE BETWEEN, </div> <div> THE TWO ARENE RINGS<FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#660033" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM><NOBR><div>       <IMG SRC="c109fac0.gif" border=0 width="159" height="172" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> HERE WE SEE,WHERE EACH  OF,</div> <div> THE HYDRON ATOMS, BOND ON,</div> <div> TO THE UNBONDED LOCATIONS,</div> <div> ON EACH,OF THE CARBON ATOMS.</div> <div> NOTE, THAT THE HYDRON  ATOMS,</div> <div> ARE ALL ON THE OUTSIDE OF, </div> <div> THIS HEXA-CYCLIC MOLECULE.</div> <bR> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> THE CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR THE ENTIRE MOLECULE IS:</div> <div> <B>HEXA ~ CYCLO-PROPYNE </B></div> <div> <B>6 ( CH +CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>2 </B></FONT><B>+CH ) = </B><B>18.CBN + 24.HDR </B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFCCB2 HEIGHT= 120 WIDTH="251"><div> <IMG SRC="1bb478730.gif" border=0 width="120" height="115" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCCB2 WIDTH="466"><div>  <A NAME="cyclo_pentyne"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <bR> <div> <B>TRI ~ CYCLO-PENTYNES</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC HEIGHT= 254 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="c16d4d70.gif" border=0 width="212" height="215" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> A MOLECULAR FORM STUDY</div> <div> FROM THE SIDE OF PENTYNE</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC><NOBR><div> THE FIRST RATIO FORMULA FOR PENTYNE WAS </div> <div> C4H7-CH = 5.CBN + 8.HDR</div> <div> WHEN MANY OIL COMPANYS, REQUESTED IUPAC,</div> <div> TO VERIFY THE FORMULAS, OF THE ALKYNES,</div> <div> THEY HIRED MARTIN & WIESE, WHO HAD RECENTLY COMPLETED,</div> <div> THEIR WORK, ON THE ELECTRON ORBITALS OF ATOMIC ELEMENTS.</div> <div> THIS IS ONE OF TWO, EXACTLY EQUAL STUDYS, OF PENTYNE, </div> <div> MADE BY MARTIN & WIESE IN THE USA </div> <div> AND THEN, BY THE DIRECTORS OF IUPAC IN ENGLAND. </div> <div> WHO REPEATED THE STUDY, BECAUSE, NO ONE AT IUPAC,</div> <div> WOULD BELIEVE, THAT PENTYNE HAD,</div> <div> THREE GROUPS OF 5 CARBON ATOMS, IN ITS MOLECULES.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC HEIGHT= 253 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="c17d4d20.gif" border=0 width="212" height="210" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> A MOLECULAR FORM STUDY</div> <div> FROM THE FRONT OF PENTYNE</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC><NOBR><div> WHEN THE IUPAC STUDY, ALSO SHOWED MORE THAN 15,</div> <div> NUCLEAR HITS, AT THEIR WORLD CENTER IN ENGLAND, </div> <div> MARTIN & WIESE, THEN MADE THIS SECOND STUDY, </div> <div> OF PENTYNE, WORKING AT A TEMPERATURE OF<B> -</B>169°C </div> <div> AT DARTMOUTH UNIVERSITY.</div> <div> "THIS STUDY, MADE FROM THE FRONT, SHOWS THAT, </div> <div> THE HEXAGONAL CRYSTAL FORM OF TRI~CYCLO-PENTYNE,  </div> <div> IS A RESULT OF THE TRIAGONAL FORM OF ITS, </div> <div> TWO OUTER,TRI-CARBON,3-CH, ALKYNE GROUPS"</div> <div> THEY WROTE IN 1977, FOR SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC HEIGHT= 267 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="c13afa70.gif" border=0 width="175" height="167" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> TRI-CYCLO PENTYNE</div> <div>  15.CBN + 24.HDR</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC><NOBR><bR> <div> THE NEW COMPUTER SYSTEM FORMULA IS,</div> <div> <B>TRI-CYCLO-PENTYNE = </B><B>3-PENTYNE</B></div> <div> <B> 15.CBN + 24.HDR </B></div> <div> <B>=</B></div> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3 [ CH + [ C + 2( CH</B></FONT><B>3</B><B> </B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>) ] + CH ]</B></FONT></div> <div> THE AUTOMATED PROCESSING FORMULA IS:</div> <div> <B>3*[ >'CH + [ >C< + 2( "CH3 ) ] + >'CH ]</B></div> <div> TRI-CYCLO PENTYNE, IS MADE FROM, FROZEN BUYTYLENE, </div> <div> PROCESSED WITH A TRI-METHYL ALCOHOL. </div> <div> IT HAS BEEN USED, AS A FUEL, IN MANY SPACE FLIGHTS,</div> <div> BECAUSE, IT IS ABLE TO COMPRESS WELL.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCCB2 HEIGHT= 128 WIDTH="251"><div> <B><IMG SRC="1bb585790.gif" border=0 width="133" height="121" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFCCB2 WIDTH="466"><div>  <A NAME="heptyne_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <bR> <div> <B>TRI-CYCLO-HEPTYNE</B><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#660066" FACE="Arial" ><B> </B></FONT></div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC HEIGHT= 246 ><NOBR><div> <B><IMG SRC="c19dbce0.gif" border=0 width="219" height="206" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <div> A MOLECULAR FORM STUDY</div> <div> FROM THE SIDE OF HEPTYNE</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC><NOBR><div> HEPTYNE, THEN BECAME OF INTEREST TO IUPAC,</div> <div> BECAUSE, THEY WERE CONSTANTLY ASKED,</div> <div> WHY ISN'T THERE AN OCTYNE AMONGST THE ALKYNES ?</div> <div> AFTER 25 YEARS OF QUESTIONS, FROM SCHOOL TEACHERS,</div> <div> THEY DECIDED, TO DO SEVERAL STUDYS, OF FROZEN ALKYNES,</div> <div> IN ORDER TO VERIFY, MARTIN & WIESE'S STATEMENT.</div> <div> " THAT ALKYNES ARE ONLY ODD NUMBER FUNCTIONS "</div> <div> THIS STUDY, DONE BY THE IUPAC TEAM, OF LEIGH & MARTIN,</div> <div> PROVED, ONCE & FOR ALL TIME, THAT THE ALKYNES,</div> <div> ARE TRI-CYCLIC AND ODD NUMBERED</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 384 ><NOBR><div> <B><IMG SRC="c1bb8a80.gif" border=0 width="184" height="168" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <div> TRI-CYCLIC HEPTYNE</div> <div> 21.CBN + 36.HDR</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> THE SIX STUDYS, SHOWED A PAIR, OF METHYLS ON EACH SIDE</div> <div> OF EXACTLY THE SAME CARBON STRUCTURE, </div> <div> AS IN THEIR EARLIER STUDYS, OF TRI-CYCLO-PENTYNE.</div> <div> THIS GAVE WIESE, ADEQUATE ATOMIC DATA, </div> <div> TO ROUGH IN A SKETCH OF TRI-CYCLO PENTYNE</div> <div> THAT WAS THE FOUNDATION, FOR THIS COMPUTER SIMULATION </div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> THE NEW COMPUTER SYSTEM FORMULA IS;</div> <div> <B>TRI-CYCLO-HEPTYNE = </B><B>3-HEPTYNE </B></div> <div> <B> 21.CBN + 36.HDR </B></div> <div> <B>=</B></div> <div> <B>3 [ H</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B>C + C + ( </B><B>C + 2(CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B> ) +</B><B>C + CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B> ]</B></div> <div> THE AUTOMATED PROCESS FORMULA IS:</div> <div> <B>3* { [ >C< ( >C< + 2('CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B> ) ) + >C<] + 2('CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B>) }</B></div> <div> TRI-CYCLO HEPTYNE, IS A SIX PHASE CHEMCIAL </div> <div> MADE BY MANY SEALANT & REFRIGERATOR COMPANYS. </div> <div> IT IS ALSO USED, AS A FUEL COMPONENT,</div> <div> BY THE FRENCH RAILWAYS, BY DUTCH AIRBUSES, </div> <div> AND IN BOAT, SMALL GAS REFRIGERATORS.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR=#FFCCB2 HEIGHT= 30 WIDTH="719"><div> <B>TRI-CYCLO-NONYNE</B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B> <A NAME="nonyne"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></B></FONT></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR=#FFFFCC HEIGHT= 284 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="c1db3a90.gif" border=0 width="179" height="169" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> 3-NONYNE = TRI-CYCLO NONYNE</div> <div> 27.CBN: + 48.HDR:</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> TRI-CYCLO-NONYNE, FOLLOWED AT THE REQUEST, </div> <div> OF THE SCHOOL TEACHERS OF BOTH, FRANCE & GERMANY.</div> <div> MARTIN & WIESE, WERE ABLE TO VERIFY ,THIS SIMULATION,</div> <div> WITH DATA, FROM A NMR STUDY DONE AT HARVARD,</div> <div> & A LEED STUDY OF 3-NONYNE, MADE BY LEIGH OF IUPAC.</div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> THE NEW COMPUTER SYSTEM FORMULAS ARE:</div> <div> <B>TRI-CYCLO-NONYNE = </B><B>3-NONYNE  </B></div> <div> <B>27.CBN + 48.HDR</B></div> <div> <B> =</B></div> <div> <B>3 [ H</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B>C+CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><B>) + </B><B>[ C+ ( C + 2( 'CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B> ) ) + C ] + (CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>+CH</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>) ]</B><B> </B></FONT></div> <div> THE AUTOMATED PROCESS FORMULA IS<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#660033" FACE="Arial" >:</FONT></div> <div> <B>3* { [ >C< ( >C< + 2( 'CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B> ) )+>C<]+ 2(>CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><B>+'CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B>) }</B><B> </B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR=#FFCCB2 HEIGHT= 42 WIDTH="719"><bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>TRI-CYCLO-UNDECYNE</B></FONT> <A NAME="undecyne"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 231 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="c1fc1c00.gif" border=0 width="193" height="192" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> A MOLECULAR FORM STUDY</div> <div> FROM THE FRONT OF UNDECYNE</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> THE SCIENCE TEACHERS OF RUSSIA, WROTE MANY LETTERS,</div> <div> TO THE DIRECTORS OF INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES,</div> <div> REQUESTING THEM, TO NOT FLY, OVER SIBERIA, </div> <div> USING NONANE AND UNDECANE PETROLEUM FUELS.</div> <div> BECAUSE, THOSE FUELS, WERE DESTROYING, THEIR WILDLIFE.</div> <div> SHORTLY AFTER, THESE STUDYS WERE MADE,</div> <div> THE AIRLINES, BEGAN TO USE, THESE LAST TWO FUELS,</div> <div> AND SIBERIAN BIRDS, BEGAN TO FLY AGAIN.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM HEIGHT= 310 ><NOBR><div> <IMG SRC="c21d4be0.gif" border=0 width="212" height="190" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> TRI-CYCLO UNDECYNE</div> <div> ( 3-UNDECYNE )</div> <div> 33.CBN: + 60.HDR:</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> THIS COMPUTER SIMULATION. OF TRI-CYCLO-UNDECYNE.</div> <div> SHOWS US. THE ENORMOUS DIFFERENCE,BETWEEN,</div> <div> THE SIMPLE ALKANE PETROLEUM FUELS</div> <div> & THESE TEN TIMES LARGER, TURBINE FUELS,</div> <div> DEVELOPED BY CHEM-DATA ANALYTICAL RESEARCH TEAMS,</div> <div> FOR THE AIRLINES OF THE WORLD</div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> THE NEW COMPUTER SYSTEM FORMULA IS;</div> <div> <B>TRI-CYCLO UNDECYNE  =  </B><B>3-UNDECYNE</B></div> <div> <B>33.CBN + 60.HDR </B></div> <div> <B>=</B></div> <div> <B>3[ </B><B>H</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B>C+CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><B>) + </B><B>[C ( C + 2(CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><B>+CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B> ) )+C ] + (CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>2</B></FONT><B>+'CH</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#990033" FACE="Arial" ><B>3</B></FONT><B>) ]</B></div> <div> THE AUTOMATED PROCESS FORMULA IS:</div> <div> <B>3*{[>C< ( >C< + 2(>CH2+'CH3 ) )+>C<]+2(>CH2+'CH3)}</B></div> <div> ALL 6 PHASES ARE MADE AT 132°C</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 BGCOLOR=#FFCCB2 HEIGHT= 38 WIDTH="719"><div> <B>LESSON REVIEW</B></div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN=2 HEIGHT= 148 ><NOBR><div> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="711" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 71 ><NOBR><div> WE HAVE LEARNED, FROM THESE STUDY,S </div> <div> MADE BY  IUPAC & THE 12 MEMBERS OF </div> <div> THE PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY COMMITTEE,</div> <div> OF THE AMERICAN CHEMISTRY SOCIETY.</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> • THAT THE ALKYNES, DO NOT HAVE ANY TRIPLE BONDS.</div> <div> • THAT THEY ARE ALL CYCLIC,TO SOME EXTENT.</div> <div> • THAT THEY NEED TO BE SYNTHESIZED IN PHASES, </div> <div>                    AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES.</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> THIS INFORMATION WAS COMPILED BY CHEM-DATA.COM</div> <div> THE PUBLISHERS OF THE NEW, COMPUTER RELATED PERIODIC TABLES</div> <div> <A HREF="what_are_alkynes_m.htm" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKYNES ?"><U>BACK TO TOP</U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=25 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <A HREF="what_are_alkynes_m.htm#butadiene_study" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKYNES ?"><U>BUTADIENE</U></A>  •  <A HREF="what_are_alkynes_m.htm#octadyne" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKYNES ?"><U>OCTA-DYNE</U></A>  •  <A HREF="what_are_alkynes_m.htm#cyclo_propyne" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKYNES ?"><U>CYCLO PROPYNE</U></A>  •  <A HREF="what_are_alkynes_m.htm#cyclo_pentyne" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKYNES ?"><U>CYCLO PENTYNES</U></A>  •  <A HREF="what_are_alkynes_m.htm#heptyne_1" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKYNES ?"><U>CYCLO HEPTYNE</U></A>  •  <A HREF="what_are_alkynes_m.htm#nonyne" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKYNES ?"><U>CYCLO NONYNE</U></A>  •  <A HREF="what_are_alkynes_m.htm#undecyne" TARGET="TRLX_Middle" TITLE="WHAT ARE ALKYNES ?"><U>CYCLO UNDECYNE</U></A></div> </td> </tr></table></body>